これは、このセクションの複数ページの印刷可能なビューです。 印刷するには、ここをクリックしてください.
WebDriverは、ユーザーがローカルまたはSeleniumサーバーを使用するリモートマシンで行うように、ブラウザをネイティブに動かし、ブラウザの自動化に関して大きく前進します。
Selenium WebDriverは言語バインディングと個々のブラウザ制御コードの実装の両方を参照します。
これは通常、単に WebDriver と呼ばれます。
Selenium WebDriverは、W3C勧告です。
WebDriverはシンプルでより簡潔なプログラミングインターフェイスとして設計されています。
WebDriverはコンパクトなオブジェクト指向APIです。
ブラウザーを効果的に動かします。
Seleniumは市場で主要なブラウザの全てを WebDriver を使うことでサポートしています。 WebDriverとはAPI群とプロトコルです。これらはウェブブラウザの動作をコントロールするための言語中立なインターフェイスを定義しています。 それぞれのブラウザは特定のWebDriverの実装を持っており、これらは driver と呼ばれます。 driverはブラウザに委譲する責務を持つコンポーネントであり、Seleniumとブラウザ間の通信を処理します。
この分離は、ブラウザベンダーに自分たちのブラウザでの実装の責任を持たせるための意図的な努力のひとつです。 Seleniumは可能な場合これらのサードパーティ製のdriverを使いますが、それが現実的でない場合のためにプロジェクトでメンテナンスしているdriverも提供しています。
Seleniumフレームワークはこれら全ての要素をユーザ向けのインターフェイスを通して結びつけます。このインターフェイスは異なるブラウザバックエンドを透過的に使えるようにし、クロスブラウザ・クロスプラットフォームの自動化を可能にします。
Selenium setup is quite different from the setup of other commercial tools. Before you can start writing Selenium code, you have to install the language bindings libraries for your language of choice, the browser you want to use, and the driver for that browser.
Follow the links below to get up and going with Selenium WebDriver.
If you wish to start with a low-code/record and playback tool, please check Selenium IDE
Once you get things working, if you want to scale up your tests, check out the Selenium Grid.
最初にあなたの自動化プロジェクトにSeleniumのバインディングをインストールする必要があります。 インストールの方法は選択した言語によって異なります。
View the minimum supported Java version here.
Installation of Selenium libraries for Java is accomplished using a build tool.
Specify the dependency in the project’s pom.xml file:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.9.1</version>
</dependency>Specify the dependency in the project build.gradle file as testImplementation:
testImplementation 'org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java:4.9.1'The minimum supported Python version for each Selenium version can be found
in Supported Python Versions on PyPi
There are a couple different ways to install Selenium.
pip install selenium
Alternatively you can download the PyPI source archive (selenium-x.x.x.tar.gz) and install it using setup.py:
python setup.py install
To use it in a project, add it to the requirements.txt file:
selenium==4.9.1A list of all supported frameworks for each version of Selenium is available on Nuget
There are a few options for installing Selenium.
Install-Package Selenium.WebDriver
dotnet add package Selenium.WebDriver
in the project’s csproj file, specify the dependency as a PackageReference in ItemGroup:
<PackageReference Include="Selenium.WebDriver" Version="4.9.0" />Further items of note for using Visual Studio Code (vscode) and C#
Install the compatible .NET SDK as per the section above.
Also install the vscode extensions (Ctrl-Shift-X) for C# and NuGet.
Follow the instruction here
to create and run the “Hello World” console project using C#.
You may also create a NUnit starter project using the command line dotnet new NUnit.
Make sure the file %appdata%\NuGet\nuget.config is configured properly as some developers reported that it will be empty due to some issues.
If nuget.config is empty, or not configured properly, then .NET builds will fail for Selenium Projects.
Add the following section to the file nuget.config if it is empty:
<configuration>
<packageSources>
<add key="nuget.org" value="https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json" protocolVersion="3" />
<add key="nuget.org" value="https://www.nuget.org/api/v2/" />
</packageSources>
...
For more info about nuget.config click here.
You may have to customize nuget.config to meet you needs.
Now, go back to vscode, press Ctrl-Shift-P, and type “NuGet Add Package”, and enter the required Selenium packages such as Selenium.WebDriver.
Press Enter and select the version.
Now you can use the examples in the documentation related to C# with vscode.
You can see the minimum required version of Ruby for any given Selenium version on rubygems.org
Selenium can be installed two different ways.
gem install selenium-webdriver
gem 'selenium-webdriver', '= 4.9.1'You can find the minimum required version of Node for any given version of Selenium in the
Node Support Policy section on npmjs
Selenium is typically installed using npm.
npm install selenium-webdriver
In your project’s package.json, add requirement to dependencies:
"selenium-webdriver": "^4.9.2"Seleniumをインストールし、 すると、Seleniumコードを書く準備が整います。
Note: if you get an error about drivers not found, please read about troubleshooting the driver location error
Seleniumが行うことはすべて、ブラウザコマンドを送信して、何かを実行したり、情報の要求を送信したりすることです。 Seleniumで行うことのほとんどは、次の基本的なコマンドの組み合わせです。
For more details on starting a session read our documentation on driver sessions
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); driver = webdriver.Chrome() IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build(); driver = ChromeDriver()In this example we are ブラウザがナビゲートするコマンドを送信します
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html"); driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html") driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html"); driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html') await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html'); driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")There are a bunch of types of information about the browser you can request, including window handles, browser size / position, cookies, alerts, etc.
String title = driver.getTitle(); title = driver.title var title = driver.Title; title = driver.title let title = await driver.getTitle(); val title = driver.titleSynchronizing the code with the current state of the browser is one of the biggest challenges with Selenium, and doing it well is an advanced topic.
Essentially you want to make sure that the element is on the page before you attempt to locate it and the element is in an interactable state before you attempt to interact with it.
An implicit wait is rarely the best solution, but it’s the easiest to demonstrate here, so we’ll use it as a placeholder.
Read more about Waiting strategies.
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500)); driver.implicitly_wait(0.5) driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500); driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 500 await driver.manage().setTimeouts({implicit: 500}); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500))The majority of commands in most Selenium sessions are element related, and you can’t interact with one without first finding an element
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button")); text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button") var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")); text_box = driver.find_element(name: 'my-text')
submit_button = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button') let textBox = await driver.findElement(By.name('my-text'));
let submitButton = await driver.findElement(By.css('button')); var textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"))
val submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"))There are only a handful of actions to take on an element, but you will use them frequently.
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.click(); text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click() textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.Click(); text_box.send_keys('Selenium')
submit_button.click await textBox.sendKeys('Selenium');
await submitButton.click(); textBox.sendKeys("Selenium")
submitButton.click()Elements store a lot of information that can be requested.
String value = message.getText(); value = message.text var value = message.Text; value = message.text let value = await message.getText(); driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")This ends the driver process, which by default closes the browser as well. No more commands can be sent to this driver instance.
driver.quit(); driver.quit() driver.Quit(); driver.quit after(async () => await driver.quit()); driver.quit()これらの8つを組み合わせて、使う必要のあるライブラリを含む完全なスクリプトにしましょう。
package dev.selenium.getting_started;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.time.Duration;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
public class FirstScriptTest {
@Test
public void eightComponents() {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Web form", title);
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.click();
WebElement message = driver.findElement(By.id("message"));
String value = message.getText();
assertEquals("Received!", value);
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_eight_components():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
title = driver.title
assert title == "Web form"
driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)
text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")
text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click()
message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
value = message.text
assert value == "Received!"
driver.quit()
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SeleniumDocs.GettingStarted
{
[TestClass]
public class FirstScriptTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void ChromeSession()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
var title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title);
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button"));
textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.Click();
var message = driver.FindElement(By.Id("message"));
var value = message.Text;
Assert.AreEqual("Received!", value);
driver.Quit();
}
}
}# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'First Script' do
it 'uses eight components' do
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html')
title = driver.title
expect(title).to eq('Web form')
driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 500
text_box = driver.find_element(name: 'my-text')
submit_button = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button')
text_box.send_keys('Selenium')
submit_button.click
message = driver.find_element(id: 'message')
value = message.text
expect(value).to eq('Received!')
driver.quit
end
end
const {By, Builder, Browser} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const {suite} = require('selenium-webdriver/testing');
const assert = require("assert");
suite(function (env) {
describe('First script', function () {
let driver;
before(async function () {
driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
});
after(async () => await driver.quit());
it('First Selenium script', async function () {
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html');
let title = await driver.getTitle();
assert.equal("Web form", title);
await driver.manage().setTimeouts({implicit: 500});
let textBox = await driver.findElement(By.name('my-text'));
let submitButton = await driver.findElement(By.css('button'));
await textBox.sendKeys('Selenium');
await submitButton.click();
let message = await driver.findElement(By.id('message'));
let value = await message.getText();
assert.equal("Received!", value);
});
});
}, { browsers: [Browser.CHROME, Browser.FIREFOX]});package dev.selenium.getting_started
import org.junit.jupiter.api.*
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.time.Duration
@TestInstance(TestInstance.Lifecycle.PER_CLASS)
class FirstScriptTest {
private lateinit var driver: WebDriver
@Test
fun eightComponents() {
driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
val title = driver.title
assertEquals("Web form", title)
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500))
var textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"))
val submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"))
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium")
submitButton.click()
val message = driver.findElement(By.id("message"))
val value = message.getText()
assertEquals("Received!", value)
driver.quit()
}
}If you are using Selenium for testing, you will want to execute your Selenium code using test runner tools.
Many of the code examples in this documentation can be found in our example repositories. There are multiple options in each language, but here is what we are using in our examples:
Install Mocha Test runner using below command in your terminal
Install with npm globally:
npm install -g mocha
or as a development dependency for your project:
npm install --save-dev mocha
and run your tests using below command
mocha firstScript.spec.js
Take what you’ve learned and build out your Selenium code.
As you find more functionality that you need, read up on the rest of our WebDriver documentation.
公式にサポートされている言語（Ruby、JavaScript、C＃、Python、およびJava）のいずれかを使用している場合、 Selenium4へのアップグレードは簡単なプロセスです。 いくつかの問題が発生する可能性がある場合があるかもしれません。このガイドは、それらを整理するのに役立ちます。 プロジェクトの依存関係をアップグレードする手順を実行し、バージョンのアップグレードによってもたらされる主な非推奨と変更を理解します。
これが、Selenium4にアップグレードするために実行する手順です。
注：Selenium 3.xバージョンの開発中に、W3CWebDriver標準のサポートが実装されました。 この新しいプロトコルと従来のJSONワイヤープロトコルの両方がサポートされました。 バージョン3.11の前後で、SeleniumコードはレベルW3C1仕様に準拠するようになりました。 Selenium 3の最新バージョンのW3C準拠のコードは、Selenium4で期待どおりに機能します。
Selenium 4は、レガシープロトコルのサポートを削除し、内部でデフォルトでW3CWebDriver標準を使用します。
ほとんどの場合、この実装はエンドユーザーに影響を与えません。
主な例外は、Capabilitiesと アクション クラスです。
テスト機能がW3Cに準拠するように構成されていない場合、セッションが開始されない可能性があります。 W3CWebDriverの標準機能のリストは次のとおりです。
browserNamebrowserVersion (version に変更)platformName (platform に変更)acceptInsecureCertspageLoadStrategyproxytimeoutsunhandledPromptBehavior標準Capabilitiesの最新リストは、 W3C WebDriver にあります。
上記のリストに含まれていないCapabilitiesには、ベンダープレフィックスを含める必要があります。
これは、ブラウザ固有のCapabilitiesとクラウドベンダー固有のCapabilitiesに適用されます。
たとえば、クラウドベンダーがテストに build Capabilities と name Capabilitiesを使用している場合は、
それらを cloud:options ブロックでラップする必要があります（適切なプレフィックスについては、クラウドベンダーに確認してください）。
DesiredCapabilities caps = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
caps.setCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
caps.setCapability("version", "92");
caps.setCapability("build", myTestBuild);
caps.setCapability("name", myTestName);
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(cloudUrl), caps);caps = {};
caps['browserName'] = 'Firefox';
caps['platform'] = 'Windows 10';
caps['version'] = '92';
caps['build'] = myTestBuild;
caps['name'] = myTestName;DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();
caps.SetCapability("browserName", "firefox");
caps.SetCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
caps.SetCapability("version", "92");
caps.SetCapability("build", myTestBuild);
caps.SetCapability("name", myTestName);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri(CloudURL), caps);caps = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.firefox
caps[:platform] = 'Windows 10'
caps[:version] = '92'
caps[:build] = my_test_build
caps[:name] = my_test_name
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: cloud_url, desired_capabilities: capscaps = {}
caps['browserName'] = 'firefox'
caps['platform'] = 'Windows 10'
caps['version'] = '92'
caps['build'] = my_test_build
caps['name'] = my_test_name
driver = webdriver.Remote(cloud_url, desired_capabilities=caps)FirefoxOptions browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10");
browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("92");
Map<String, Object> cloudOptions = new HashMap<>();
cloudOptions.put("build", myTestBuild);
cloudOptions.put("name", myTestName);
browserOptions.setCapability("cloud:options", cloudOptions);
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(cloudUrl), browserOptions);capabilities = {
browserName: 'firefox',
browserVersion: '92',
platformName: 'Windows 10',
'cloud:options': {
build: myTestBuild,
name: myTestName,
}
}var browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "92";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
cloudOptions.Add("build", myTestBuild);
cloudOptions.Add("name", myTestName);
browserOptions.AddAdditionalOption("cloud:options", cloudOptions);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri(CloudURL), browserOptions);options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
options.browser_version = 'latest'
options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'
cloud_options = {}
cloud_options[:build] = my_test_build
cloud_options[:name] = my_test_name
options.add_option('cloud:options', cloud_options)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: cloud_url, capabilities: optionsfrom selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options as FirefoxOptions
options = FirefoxOptions()
options.browser_version = '92'
options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'
cloud_options = {}
cloud_options['build'] = my_test_build
cloud_options['name'] = my_test_name
options.set_capability('cloud:options', cloud_options)
driver = webdriver.Remote(cloud_url, options=options)Javaバインディング（FindsBy インターフェイス）の要素を検索するユーティリティメソッドは、内部使用のみを目的としていたため、削除されました。
次のコードサンプルは、これを分かりやすく説明しています。
findElement * で単一の要素を検索する。
driver.findElementByClassName("className");
driver.findElementByCssSelector(".className");
driver.findElementById("elementId");
driver.findElementByLinkText("linkText");
driver.findElementByName("elementName");
driver.findElementByPartialLinkText("partialText");
driver.findElementByTagName("elementTagName");
driver.findElementByXPath("xPath");
driver.findElement(By.className("className"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".className"));
driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
driver.findElement(By.linkText("linkText"));
driver.findElement(By.name("elementName"));
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("partialText"));
driver.findElement(By.tagName("elementTagName"));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xPath"));
findElements * で複数の要素を検索する。
driver.findElementsByClassName("className");
driver.findElementsByCssSelector(".className");
driver.findElementsById("elementId");
driver.findElementsByLinkText("linkText");
driver.findElementsByName("elementName");
driver.findElementsByPartialLinkText("partialText");
driver.findElementsByTagName("elementTagName");
driver.findElementsByXPath("xPath");
driver.findElements(By.className("className"));
driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".className"));
driver.findElements(By.id("elementId"));
driver.findElements(By.linkText("linkText"));
driver.findElements(By.name("elementName"));
driver.findElements(By.partialLinkText("partialText"));
driver.findElements(By.tagName("elementTagName"));
driver.findElements(By.xpath("xPath"));
以下のサブセクションを確認してSelenium4をインストールし、プロジェクトの依存関係をアップグレードしてください。
Seleniumをアップグレードするプロセスは、使用されているビルドツールによって異なります。 Javaで最も一般的なものであるMavenとGradleについて説明します。 必要なJavaの最小バージョンはまだ8です。
<dependencies>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.141.59</version>
</dependency>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
</dependencies>
<dependencies>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.4.0</version>
</dependency>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
</dependencies>
変更を加えた後、pom.xml ファイルと同じディレクトリで mvn clean compile を実行できます。
plugins {
id 'java'
}
group 'org.example'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.0'
testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.0'
implementation group: 'org.seleniumhq.selenium', name: 'selenium-java', version: '3.141.59'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}
plugins {
id 'java'
}
group 'org.example'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.0'
testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.0'
implementation group: 'org.seleniumhq.selenium', name: 'selenium-java', version: '4.4.0'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}
変更を加えた後、 build.gradle ファイルと同じディレクトリで ./gradlew cleanbuild を実行できます。
すべてのJavaリリースを確認するには、 MVNRepository にアクセスしてください。
C#でSelenium4の更新を取得する場所は NuGet です。
Selenium.WebDriver パッケージの下で、最新バージョンに更新するための手順を入手できます。
Visual Studio内では、NuGetパッケージマネージャーを使用して次の操作を実行できます。
PM> Install-Package Selenium.WebDriver -Version 4.4.0
Pythonを使用するための最も重要な変更は、最低限必要なバージョンです。 Selenium 4には、Python3.7以降が必要です。 詳細については、Python Package Indexを参照してください。 コマンドラインからアップグレードするには、次のコマンドを実行できます。
pip install selenium==4.4.3
Selenium 4の更新の詳細は、RubyGemsのselenium-webdriverで確認できます。 最新バージョンをインストールするには、次のコマンドを実行できます。
gem install selenium-webdriver
Gemfileには下記のように追加します。
gem 'selenium-webdriver', '~> 4.4.0'
selenium-webdriverパッケージは、Nodeパッケージマネージャーのnpmjsにあります。 Selenium4はhereにあります。 これをインストールするには、次のいずれかを実行します。
npm install selenium-webdriver
または、package.jsonを更新して、 npm install を実行します。
{
"name": "selenium-tests",
"version": "1.0.0",
"dependencies": {
"selenium-webdriver": "^4.4.0"
}
}
これは、Selenium4にアップグレードした後に発生する可能性のある非推奨メッセージを克服するのに役立つ一連のコード例です。
タイムアウトで受信するパラメーターは、期待値 (long time, TimeUnit unit) から期待値 (Duration duration) に替わりました。
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.manage().timeouts().setScriptTimeout(2, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
現在、待機も異なるパラメーターを期待しています。
WebDriverWaitは、秒とミリ秒単位のタイムアウトに、 long ではなくDurationを期待するようになりました。
FluentWait の withTimeout および pollingEvery ユーティリティメソッドは、期待値 (long time, TimeUnit unit) から (Duration duration) に替わりました。
new WebDriverWait(driver, 3)
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector("#id")));
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3))
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector("#id")));
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
以前は、別のCapabilitiesセットを別のセットにマージすることが可能であり、呼び出し元のオブジェクトを変更していました。 今は、ここで、マージ操作の結果を割り当てる必要があります。
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "Windows 10");
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setHeadless(true);
options.merge(capabilities);
As a result, the `options` object was getting modified.
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "Windows 10");
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setHeadless(true);
options = options.merge(capabilities);
The result of the `merge` call needs to be assigned to an object.
GeckoDriverが登場する前は、SeleniumプロジェクトにはFirefoxを自動化するためのドライバー実装がありました（バージョン<48）。
ただし、この実装は最近のバージョンのFirefoxでは機能しないため、もう必要ありません。
Selenium 4にアップグレードする際の大きな問題を回避するために、setLegacy オプションは非推奨として表示されます。
古い実装の使用をやめ、GeckoDriverのみに依存することをお勧めします。
次のコードは、アップグレード後に非推奨になったsetLegacy 行を示しています。
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setLegacy(true);
BrowserTypeBrowserType インターフェースは長い間使用されてきましたが、新しい Browser インターフェースを優先して非推奨になります。
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserVersion", "92");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", BrowserType.FIREFOX);
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserVersion", "92");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", Browser.FIREFOX);
AddAdditionalCapability は非推奨になりましたその代わりに、 AddAdditionalOption をお勧めします。 これを示す例を次に示します。
var browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "latest";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
browserOptions.AddAdditionalCapability("cloud:options", cloudOptions, true);
var browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "latest";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
browserOptions.AddAdditionalOption("cloud:options", cloudOptions);
execute_pathは非推奨になりました。Serviceオブジェクトを渡してくださいSelenium 4では、非推奨の警告を防ぐために、Serviceオブジェクトからドライバーの executable_path を設定する必要があります。
（または、PATHを設定せず、代わりに必要なドライバーがシステムPATH上にあることを確認してください。）
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH,
options=options
)
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
service = ChromeService(executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=options)
Selenium 4にアップグレードする際に考慮すべき主な変更点を確認しました。 アップグレードのためにテストコードを準備する際にカバーするさまざまな側面について説明します。 これには、新しいバージョンのSeleniumを使用する時に発生する可能性のある潜在的な問題を防ぐ方法の提案も含まれます。 最後に、アップグレード後に発生する可能性のある一連の問題についても説明し、それらの問題に対する潜在的な修正を共有しました。
これは元々は https://saucelabs.com/resources/articles/how-to-upgrade-to-selenium-4 に投稿されました
セッションの開始と停止は、ブラウザーを開いたり閉じたりするためのものです。
新しいセッションの作成は、W3C コマンド New session に対応しています。
セッションは、新しいDriverクラスオブジェクトを初期化することによって自動的に作成されます。
各言語では、次のいずれかのクラス (または同等のもの) の引数を使用してセッションを作成することができます。
ローカルドライバーを起動するための主な一意の引数には、ローカルコンピューターで必要なドライバーサービスを起動するための情報が含まれます。
リモートドライバーを起動するための主な一意の引数には、コードを実行する場所に関する情報を含みます。 詳細は、リモートドライバーをご覧ください。
セッションの終了に対するW3Cコマンドは、セッションの削除です。
重要: quit メソッドは close メソッドとは異なり、
セッションを終了するには常に quit を使用することをお勧めします。
Selenium 3 では、Capabilitiesは Desired Capabilities クラスを使用してセッションで定義していました。 Selenium 4 以降、ブラウザ オプション クラスを使用する必要があります。 リモート ドライバー セッションの場合、使用するブラウザーを決めるため、ブラウザーオプションインスタンスが必要です。
これらのオプションは、Capabilities の w3c仕様で説明しています。
各ブラウザには、w3c仕様で定義しているものに加えて定義可能な カスタム オプション があります。
このCapabilityは、特定のセッションの browserName を設定するために使います。
指定されたブラウザがリモートエンドにインストールされていない場合、セッションの作成は失敗します。
このCapabilityはオプションです。 これは、リモートエンドで使用可能なブラウザーバージョンを設定するために使います。 たとえば、Chromeバージョン80のみがインストールされているシステムでバージョン75を要求すると、セッションの作成は失敗します。
3種類のページ読み込み戦略を利用できます。
ページ読み込み戦略は、次の表で説明しています。
| 戦略 | 準備完了状態 | 注釈 |
|---|---|---|
| normal | complete | デフォルトで使用され、すべてのリソースをダウンロードするのを待ちます |
| eager | interactive | DOM アクセスの準備は整っていますが、画像などの他のリソースはまだロード中の可能性があります |
| none | Any | WebDriver をまったくブロックしません |
ドキュメントの document.readyState プロパティは、現在のドキュメントの読み込み状態を示します。
URL 経由で新しいページに移動する場合、デフォルトでは、WebDriver は、ドキュメントの準備完了状態が完了するまで、 ナビゲーション メソッド (driver.navigate().get() など) の完了を保留します。 これは必ずしもページの読み込みが完了したことを意味するわけではありません。 特に、Ready State が完了した後に JavaScript を使用してコンテンツを動的に読み込むシングル ページ アプリケーションのようなサイトの場合はそうです。 また、この動作は、要素のクリックまたはフォームの送信の結果であるナビゲーションには適用されないことに注意してください。
自動化にとって重要ではないアセット (画像、css、js など) をダウンロードした結果、ページの読み込みに時間がかかる場合は、
デフォルトのパラメーターである normal を eager または none に変更して、セッションの読み込みを高速化できます。
この値はセッション全体に適用されるため、 待機戦略
が不安定さを最小限に抑えるのに十分であることを確認してください。
WebDriver は load イベント検知するまで待機します。
import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'normal'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace pageLoadStrategy {
class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Normal;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :normal
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
driver.get('https://www.google.com') it('Navigate using normal page loading strategy', async function () {
let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('normal'))
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL)
val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
finally {
driver.quit()
}
}WebDriver は、DOMContentLoaded イベントを検知するまで待機します。
import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'eager'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace pageLoadStrategy {
class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Eager;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :eager
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
driver.get('https://www.google.com') it('Navigate using eager page loading strategy', async function () {
let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('eager'))
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER)
val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
finally {
driver.quit()
}
}WebDriver は、最初のページがダウンロードされるまで待機します。
import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://google.com");
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
options = Options()
options.page_load_strategy = 'none'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace pageLoadStrategy {
class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.None;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :none
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options
driver.get('https://www.google.com') it('Navigate using none page loading strategy', async function () {
let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('none'))
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE)
val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
finally {
driver.quit()
}
}これにより、リモートエンドのオペレーティングシステムが識別され、 platformName を取得するとOS名が返されます。
クラウドベースのプロバイダーでは、 platformName を設定すると、リモートエンドのOSが設定されます。
この機能は、セッション中のナビゲーション中に、期限切れ（または）無効な TLS証明書 が使用されているかどうかを確認します。
機能が false に設定されている場合、ナビゲーションでドメイン証明書の問題が発生すると、
insecure certificate error が返されます。
true に設定すると、無効な証明書はブラウザーによって信頼されます。
すべての自己署名証明書は、デフォルトでこの機能によって信頼されます。
一度設定すると、 acceptInsecureCerts Capabilityはセッション全体に影響します。
WebDriverの セッション には特定の セッションタイムアウト 間隔が設定されており、
その間、ユーザーはスクリプトの実行またはブラウザーからの情報の取得の動作を制御できます。
各セッションタイムアウトは、以下で説明するように、異なる タイムアウト の組み合わせで構成されます。
現在のブラウジングコンテキストで実行中のスクリプトをいつ中断するかを指定します。 新しいセッションがWebDriverによって作成されると、デフォルトのタイムアウト 30,000 が課されます。
現在のブラウジングコンテキストでWebページをロードする必要がある時間間隔を指定します。 新しいセッションがWebDriverによって作成されると、デフォルトのタイムアウト 300,000 が課されます。 ページの読み込みが指定/デフォルトの時間枠を制限する場合、スクリプトは TimeoutException によって停止されます。
これは、要素を検索するときに暗黙的な要素の検索戦略を待つ時間を指定します。 新しいセッションがWebDriverによって作成されると、デフォルトのタイムアウト 0 が課されます。
現在のセッションの ユーザープロンプトハンドラー の状態を指定します。
デフォルトでは、 dismiss and notify (却下して通知する) 状態 となります。
これは、リモートエンドでユーザープロンプトが表示されたときに実行する必要があるアクションを定義します。
これは、 unhandledPromptBehavior Capabilityによって定義され、次の状態があります。
リモート エンドがすべての サイズ変更および再配置 コマンド をサポートするかどうかを示します。
この新しいcapabilityは、厳密な相互作用チェックを input type = file 要素に適用する必要があるかどうかを示します。 厳密な相互作用チェックはデフォルトでオフになっているため、隠しファイルのアップロードコントロールで Element Send Keys を使用する場合の動作が変更されます。
プロキシサーバーは、クライアントとサーバー間の要求の仲介役として機能します。 簡単に言えば、トラフィックはプロキシサーバーを経由して、要求したアドレスに戻り、戻ってきます。
Seleniumを使用した自動化スクリプト用のプロキシサーバーは、
企業環境でブラウザがURLへの接続に失敗した場合、環境にアクセスするにはプロキシが必要であることが原因であることが最も可能性が高いです。
Selenium WebDriverは設定をプロキシする方法を提供します。
import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
public class ProxyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>");
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setCapability("proxy", proxy);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.get("https://www.google.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.quit();
}
}from selenium import webdriver
PROXY = "<HOST:PORT>"
webdriver.DesiredCapabilities.FIREFOX['proxy'] = {
"httpProxy": PROXY,
"ftpProxy": PROXY,
"sslProxy": PROXY,
"proxyType": "MANUAL",
}
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# Open URL
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
public class ProxyTest{
public static void Main() {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.Kind = ProxyKind.Manual;
proxy.IsAutoDetect = false;
proxy.SslProxy = "<HOST:PORT>";
options.Proxy = proxy;
options.AddArgument("ignore-certificate-errors");
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
}
}# this code was written with Selenium 4
proxy = Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http: '<HOST:PORT>')
cap = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.chrome(proxy: proxy)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:chrome, capabilities: cap)
driver.get('http://google.com')let webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
let chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let proxy = require('selenium-webdriver/proxy');
let opts = new chrome.Options();
(async function example() {
opts.setProxy(proxy.manual({http: '<HOST:PORT>'}));
let driver = new webdriver.Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts)
.build();
try {
await driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
}());import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
class proxyTest {
fun main() {
val proxy = Proxy()
proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>")
val options = ChromeOptions()
options.setCapability("proxy", proxy)
val driver: WebDriver = ChromeDriver(options)
driver["https://www.google.com/"]
driver.manage().window().maximize()
driver.quit()
}
}These allow you to set various parameters for the HTTP library
These allow you to execute custom actions in every time specific Selenium commands are sent
The Service classes are for managing the starting and stopping of drivers. They can not be used with a Remote WebDriver session.
Service classes allow you to specify information about the driver, like location and which port to use. They also let you specify what arguments get passed to the command line. Most of the useful arguments are related to logging.
To start a driver with a default service instance:
}
@Testfrom selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
service = Selenium::WebDriver::Service.chrome
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, service: serviceNote: If you are using Selenium 4.6 or greater, you shouldn’t need to set a driver location. If you can not update Selenium or have an advanced use case here is how to specify the driver location:
driver = new ChromeDriver(service); driver.quit() driver = new ChromeDriver(service);If you want the driver to run on a specific port, you may specify it as follows:
driver = new ChromeDriver(service); driver.quit()
Logging functionality varies between browsers. Most browsers allow you to specify location and level of logs. Take a look at the respective browser page:
WebDriverは、ローカルで使用するのと同じ方法でリモートで使用できます。 主な違いは、リモートWebDriverを設定して、別のマシンでテストを実行できるようにする必要があることです。
リモートWebDriverは、クライアントとサーバーの2つの部分で構成されています。 クライアントはWebDriverテストであり、サーバーは単純なJavaサーブレットで最新のJEEアプリサーバーでホストすることができます。
リモートWebDriverクライアントを実行するには、まずRemoteWebDriverに接続する必要があります。 これを行うには、テストを実行しているサーバーのアドレスをURLに指定します。 設定をカスタマイズするために、desired capabilitiesを設定します。 以下は、Firefoxでテストを実行しているリモートWebサーバー www.example.com を指定してリモートWebDriverオブジェクトをインスタンス化する例です。
FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), firefoxOptions);
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
driver.quit();
from selenium import webdriver
firefox_options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://www.example.com',
options=firefox_options
)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
IWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri("http://www.example.com"), firefoxOptions);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.google.com");
driver.Quit();
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: "http://www.example.com", desired_capabilities: :firefox
driver.get "http://www.google.com"
driver.close
const { Builder, Capabilities } = require("selenium-webdriver");
var capabilities = Capabilities.firefox();
(async function helloSelenium() {
let driver = new Builder()
.usingServer("http://example.com")
.withCapabilities(capabilities)
.build();
try {
await driver.get('http://www.google.com');
} finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
firefoxOptions = FirefoxOptions()
driver: WebDriver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), firefoxOptions)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
テスト設定をさらにカスタマイズするために、他のdesired capabilitiesを追加できます。
例えば、Chromeバージョン67を使用して、Windows XPでChromeを実行する場合は、このようになるかと思います。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setCapability("browserVersion", "67");
chromeOptions.setCapability("platformName", "Windows XP");
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), chromeOptions);
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
driver.quit();
from selenium import webdriver
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.set_capability("browserVersion", "67")
chrome_options.set_capability("platformName", "Windows XP")
driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='http://www.example.com',
options=chrome_options
)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.BrowserVersion = "67";
chromeOptions.PlatformName = "Windows XP";
IWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri("http://www.example.com"), chromeOptions);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.google.com");
driver.Quit();
caps = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.chrome
caps.platform = Windows XP
caps.version = 67
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, :url => "http://www.example.com", :desired_capabilities => caps
const { Builder } = require("selenium-webdriver");
const chrome = require("selenium-webdriver/chrome");
let opts = new chrome.Options();
opts.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true);
opts.setBrowserVersion('67');
opts.setPlatform('Windows XP');
(async function helloSelenium() {
let driver = new Builder()
.usingServer("http://example.com")
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts)
.build();
try {
await driver.get('http://www.google.com');
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setCapability("browserVersion", "67")
chromeOptions.setCapability("platformName", "Windows XP")
val driver: WebDriver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), chromeOptions)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
ローカルファイルDetectorを使用すると、クライアントマシンからリモートサーバーにファイルを転送できます。 例えば、テストでファイルをWebアプリケーションにアップロードする必要がある場合、リモートWebDriverは実行時にローカルマシンからリモートWebサーバーにファイルを自動的に転送できます。 これにより、テストを実行しているリモートマシンからファイルをアップロードできます。 デフォルトでは有効になっておらず、次の方法で有効にできます。
driver.setFileDetector(new LocalFileDetector());
from selenium.webdriver.remote.file_detector import LocalFileDetector
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
var allowsDetection = this.driver as IAllowsFileDetection;
if (allowsDetection != null)
{
allowsDetection.FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
}
@driver.file_detector = lambda do |args|
# args => ["/path/to/file"]
str = args.first.to_s
str if File.exist?(str)
end
var remote = require('selenium-webdriver/remote');
driver.setFileDetector(new remote.FileDetector);
driver.fileDetector = LocalFileDetector()
上記のコードを定義したら、次の方法でテストにファイルをアップロードできます。
driver.get("http://sso.dev.saucelabs.com/test/guinea-file-upload");
WebElement upload = driver.findElement(By.id("myfile"));
upload.sendKeys("/Users/sso/the/local/path/to/darkbulb.jpg");
driver.get("http://sso.dev.saucelabs.com/test/guinea-file-upload")
driver.find_element(By.ID, "myfile").send_keys("/Users/sso/the/local/path/to/darkbulb.jpg")
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://sso.dev.saucelabs.com/test/guinea-file-upload");
IWebElement upload = driver.FindElement(By.Id("myfile"));
upload.SendKeys(@"/Users/sso/the/local/path/to/darkbulb.jpg");
@driver.navigate.to "http://sso.dev.saucelabs.com/test/guinea-file-upload"
element = @driver.find_element(:id, 'myfile')
element.send_keys "/Users/sso/SauceLabs/sauce/hostess/maitred/maitred/public/images/darkbulb.jpg"
driver.get("http://sso.dev.saucelabs.com/test/guinea-file-upload");
var upload = driver.findElement(By.id("myfile"));
upload.sendKeys("/Users/sso/the/local/path/to/darkbulb.jpg");
driver.get("http://sso.dev.saucelabs.com/test/guinea-file-upload")
val upload: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.id("myfile"))
upload.sendKeys("/Users/sso/the/local/path/to/darkbulb.jpg")
この機能は、Java クライアント バインディング (ベータ版以降) でのみ利用できます。 Remote WebDriver クライアントは Selenium Grid サーバーにリクエストを送信し、 Selenium Grid サーバーはリクエストを WebDriver に渡します。 HTTP リクエストをエンド ツー エンドでトレースするには、サーバー側とクライアント側でトレースを有効にする必要があります。 両端には、視覚化フレームワークを指すトレース エクスポーターのセットアップが必要です。 デフォルトでは、トレースはクライアントとサーバーの両方で有効になっています。 視覚化フレームワークの Jaeger UI と Selenium Grid 4 を設定するには、目的のバージョンの トレースのセットアップ を参照してください。
クライアント側のセットアップについては、以下の手順に従ってください。
トレーシング エクスポーターの外部ライブラリのインストールは、Maven を使って実行できます。 プロジェクト pom.xml に opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger および grpc-netty の依存関係を追加します。
<dependency>
<groupId>io.opentelemetry</groupId>
<artifactId>opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-netty</artifactId>
<version>1.35.0</version>
</dependency>
System.setProperty("otel.traces.exporter", "jaeger");
System.setProperty("otel.exporter.jaeger.endpoint", "http://localhost:14250");
System.setProperty("otel.resource.attributes", "service.name=selenium-java-client");
ImmutableCapabilities capabilities = new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "chrome");
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), capabilities);
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
driver.quit();
ご希望のSeleniumのバージョンに必要な外部依存関係のバージョンの詳細については、 トレースのセットアップ を参照してください。
詳細については、下記URLを参照してください。
Some browser specific functionalities require workarounds as mentioned in this issue.
各ブラウザには、カスタムCapabilityと固有の機能があります。
デフォルトでは、Selenium 4 は Chrome v75 以降と互換性があります。 Chromeブラウザのバージョンと chromedriverのバージョンは、メジャーバージョンと一致する必要があることに注意してください。
全てのブラウザに共通のCapabilityについては、オプション ページで説明しています。
Chrome に固有のCapabilityは、Google のCapabilities & ChromeOptionsページにあります。
基本的な定義済みオプションを使用してChromeセッションを開始すると、次のようになります。
def test_keep_browser_open():
driver = new ChromeDriver(options); it 'basic options' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome const Options = new Chrome.Options();
let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(Options)
.build();さまざまなCapabilityを備えた一般的な使用例をいくつか示します。
The args parameter is for a list of command line switches to be used when starting the browser.
There are two excellent resources for investigating these arguments:
Commonly used args include --start-maximized, --headless=new and --user-data-dir=...
Add an argument to options:
driver.quit() options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(args: ['--headless=new']) let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.addArguments('--headless=new'))
.build();binaryパラメーターは、使用するブラウザの別のロケーションのパスを取ります。
このパラメーターを使用すると、chromedriver を使用して、さまざまな Chromium ベースのブラウザを駆動できます。
オプションにブラウザのロケーションを追加します。
let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.setChromeBinaryPath(`Path to chrome binary`))
.build();extensions パラメーターはcrxファイルを受け入れます
The extensions parameter accepts crx files. As for unpacked directories,
please use the load-extension argument instead, as mentioned in
this post.
オプションに拡張機能を追加します。
detach パラメータをtrueに設定すると、ドライバープロセスが終了した後もブラウザを開いたままにできます。
オプションにバイナリを追加します。
Note: This is already the default behavior in Java.
Note: This is already the default behavior in .NET.
let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.detachDriver(true))
.build();Chrome はさまざまな引数を追加します。
これらの引数を追加したくない場合は、それらを excludeSwitches に渡します。
一般的な例は、ポップアップブロッカーをオンに設定することです。
A full list of default arguments can be parsed from the Chromium Source Code
オプションに除外された引数を設定します。
options.AddExcludedArgument("disable-popup-blocking"); @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options let driver = await env
.builder()
.setChromeOptions(options.excludeSwitches('enable-automation'))
.build();Examples for creating a default Service object, and for setting driver location and port can be found on the Driver Service page.
Getting driver logs can be helpful for debugging issues. The Service class lets you direct where the logs will go. Logging output is ignored unless the user directs it somewhere.
To change the logging output to save to a specific file:
String fileContent = new String(Files.readAllBytes(getLogLocation().toPath()));Note: Java also allows setting file output by System Property:
Property key: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
Property value: String representing path to log file
service.LogPath = GetLogLocation();To change the logging output to display in the console as STDOUT:
String fileContent = new String(Files.readAllBytes(getLogLocation().toPath()));Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
Property value: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT or DriverService.LOG_STDERR
$stdout and $stderr are both valid values
service.log = $stdoutThere are 6 available log levels: ALL, DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, SEVERE, and OFF.
Note that --verbose is equivalent to --log-level=ALL and --silent is equivalent to --log-level=OFF,
so this example is just setting the log level generically:
String fileContent = new String(Files.readAllBytes(getLogLocation().toPath()));Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_LOG_LEVEL_PROPERTY
Property value: String representation of ChromiumDriverLogLevel enum
There are 2 features that are only available when logging to a file:
To use them, you need to also explicitly specify the log path and log level. The log output will be managed by the driver, not the process, so minor differences may be seen.
String fileContent = new String(Files.readAllBytes(getLogLocation().toPath()));Note: Java also allows toggling these features by System Property:
Property keys: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_APPEND_LOG_PROPERTY and ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_READABLE_TIMESTAMP
Property value: "true" or "false"
service.args << '--append-log'
service.args << '--readable-timestamp'Chromedriver and Chrome browser versions should match, and if they don’t the driver will error. If you disable the build check, you can force the driver to be used with any version of Chrome. Note that this is an unsupported feature, and bugs will not be investigated.
String fileContent = new String(Files.readAllBytes(getLogLocation().toPath()));Note: Java also allows disabling build checks by System Property:
Property key: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_DISABLE_BUILD_CHECK
Property value: "true" or "false"
service.DisableBuildCheck = true;タブの共有など、Chrome Castデバイスを操作できます。
さまざまなネットワークの状態をシミュレートできます。
The following examples are for local webdrivers. For remote webdrivers, please refer to the Remote WebDriver page.
Chromeデベロッパーツールの使用に関する詳細については、Chromeデベロッパー ツールセクションを参照してください。
Microsoft EdgeはChromiumで実装されており、サポートされている最も古いバージョンはv79です。 Chromeと同様に、edgedriverのメジャー バージョン番号は、Edgeブラウザのメジャーバージョンと一致する必要があります。
Chromeページ にあるすべての機能とオプションは、Edgeでも機能します。
Capabilities common to all browsers are described on the Options page.
Capabilities unique to Chromium are documented at Google’s page for Capabilities & ChromeOptions
基本的な定義済みオプションを使用して Edgeセッションを開始すると、次のようになります。
driver.quit()
it 'basic options' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.edge let options = new edge.Options();
driver = await env.builder()
.setEdgeOptions(options)
.setEdgeService(new edge.ServiceBuilder(edgedriver.binPath()))
.build();The args parameter is for a list of command line switches to be used when starting the browser.
There are two excellent resources for investigating these arguments:
一般的に使用される引数には、--start-maximized および --headless=new が含まれます。 and --user-data-dir=...
オプションに引数を追加します。
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.edge(args: ['--headless=new'])The binary parameter takes the path of an alternate location of browser to use. With this parameter you can
use chromedriver to drive various Chromium based browsers.
Add a browser location to options:
The extensions parameter accepts crx files. As for unpacked directories,
please use the load-extension argument instead, as mentioned in
this post.
Add an extension to options:
Setting the detach parameter to true will keep the browser open after the process has ended,
so long as the quit command is not sent to the driver.
Add a binary to options:
Note: This is already the default behavior in Java.
Note: This is already the default behavior in .NET.
MSEdgedriver has several default arguments it uses to start the browser.
If you do not want those arguments added, pass them into excludeSwitches.
A common example is to turn the popup blocker back on. A full list of default arguments
can be parsed from the
Chromium Source Code
Set excluded arguments on options:
Examples for creating a default Service object, and for setting driver location and port can be found on the Driver Service page.
Getting driver logs can be helpful for debugging issues. The Service class lets you direct where the logs will go. Logging output is ignored unless the user directs it somewhere.
To change the logging output to save to a specific file:
.withLogFile(getLogLocation())Note: Java also allows setting file output by System Property:
Property key: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
Property value: String representing path to log file
service = webdriver.edge.service.Service(log_path=log_path) service.LogPath = GetLogLocation();To change the logging output to display in the console as STDOUT:
.withLogOutput(System.out)Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
Property value: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT or DriverService.LOG_STDERR
$stdout and $stderr are both valid values
service.log = $stdoutThere are 6 available log levels: ALL, DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, SEVERE, and OFF.
Note that --verbose is equivalent to --log-level=ALL and --silent is equivalent to --log-level=OFF,
so this example is just setting the log level generically:
.withLoglevel(ChromiumDriverLogLevel.DEBUG)Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_LOG_LEVEL_PROPERTY
Property value: String representation of ChromiumDriverLogLevel enum
service = webdriver.edge.service.Service(service_args=['--log-level=DEBUG'], log_path=log_path)There are 2 features that are only available when logging to a file:
To use them, you need to also explicitly specify the log path and log level. The log output will be managed by the driver, not the process, so minor differences may be seen.
.withAppendLog(true)
.withReadableTimestamp(true)Note: Java also allows toggling these features by System Property:
Property keys: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_APPEND_LOG_PROPERTY and EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_READABLE_TIMESTAMP
Property value: "true" or "false"
service = webdriver.edge.service.Service(service_args=['--append-log', '--readable-timestamp'], log_path=log_path) service.args << '--append-log'
service.args << '--readable-timestamp'Edge browser and msedgedriver versions should match, and if they don’t the driver will error. If you disable the build check, you can force the driver to be used with any version of Edge. Note that this is an unsupported feature, and bugs will not be investigated.
.withBuildCheckDisabled(true)Note: Java also allows disabling build checks by System Property:
Property key: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_DISABLE_BUILD_CHECK
Property value: "true" or "false"
service = webdriver.edge.service.Service(service_args=['--disable-build-check'], log_path=log_path) service.DisableBuildCheck = true;Microsoft Edge は、Internet Explorer ドライバークラスを Microsoft Edgeと組み合わせて使用する “Internet Explorer 互換モード"で動かすことができます。 詳細については、Internet Explorerページを参照してください。
Some browsers have implemented additional features that are unique to them.
You can drive Chrome Cast devices with Edge, including sharing tabs
You can simulate various network conditions.
See the Chrome DevTools section for more information about using DevTools in Edge
Selenium 4 には Firefox 78 以降が必要です。 常に最新バージョンの geckodriver を使用することをお勧めします。
全ブラウザに共通のCapabilityについては、オプションページで説明しています。
Firefox に固有のCapabilityは、Mozilla のページの firefoxOptions にあります。
基本的な定義済みのオプションを使用して Firefox セッションを開始すると、以下のようになります。
options = FirefoxOptions()
driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)
driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html"; it 'basic options' do
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox let options = new firefox.Options();
driver = await env.builder()
.setFirefoxOptions(options)
.build();さまざまなCapabilityを備えた一般的な使用例をいくつか示します。
args パラメータは、ブラウザの起動時に使用するコマンドラインスイッチのリストです。
一般的に使用される引数には、 -headless と "-profile" 、"/path/to/profile" が含まれます。
オプションに引数を追加します。
driver.uninstallExtension(id); path = os.path.abspath("tests/extensions/webextensions-selenium-example.xpi") public void UnInstallAddon() extension_file_path = File.expand_path('../extensions/webextensions-selenium-example.xpi', __dir__) await driver.quit();
});
}, { browsers: [Browser.FIREFOX]});binary パラメーターは、使用するブラウザーの別のロケーションのパスを取ります。
たとえば、このパラメーターを使用すると、geckodriver を使用して、製品版とFirefox Nightlyの両方がコンピューターに存在する場合、
製品版の代わりに Firefox Nightly を駆動できます 。
オプションにブラウザーのロケーションを追加します。
Firefoxプロファイルを操作するにはいくつかの方法があります。
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setProfile(profile);
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile import FirefoxProfile
options=Options()
firefox_profile = FirefoxProfile()
firefox_profile.set_preference("javascript.enabled", False)
options.profile = firefox_profile
var options = new FirefoxOptions();
var profile = new FirefoxProfile();
options.Profile = profile;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
profile = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Profile.new
profile['browser.download.dir'] = "/tmp/webdriver-downloads"
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options.new(profile: profile)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox, options: options
const { Builder } = require("selenium-webdriver");
const firefox = require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');
const options = new firefox.Options();
let profile = '/path to custom profile';
options.setProfile(profile);
const driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('firefox')
.setFirefoxOptions(options)
.build();
val options = FirefoxOptions()
options.profile = FirefoxProfile()
driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
Service settings common to all browsers are described on the Service page.
Getting driver logs can be helpful for debugging various issues. The Service class lets you direct where the logs will go. Logging output is ignored unless the user directs it somewhere.
To change the logging output to save to a specific file:
.withLogFile(getLogLocation())Note: Java also allows setting file output by System Property:
Property key: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
Property value: String representing path to log file
To change the logging output to display in the console:
.withLogOutput(System.out)Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
Property value: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT or DriverService.LOG_STDERR
There are 7 available log levels: fatal, error, warn, info, config, debug, trace.
If logging is specified the level defaults to info.
Note that -v is equivalent to -log debug and -vv is equivalent to log trace,
so this examples is just for setting the log level generically:
.withLogLevel(FirefoxDriverLogLevel.DEBUG)Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_LEVEL_PROPERTY
Property value: String representation of FirefoxDriverLogLevel enum
The driver logs everything that gets sent to it, including string representations of large binaries, so Firefox truncates lines by default. To turn off truncation:
.withTruncatedLogs(false)Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_NO_TRUNCATE
Property value: "true" or "false"
The default directory for profiles is the system temporary directory. If you do not have access to that directory, or want profiles to be created some place specific, you can change the profile root directory:
.withProfileRoot(getTempDirectory())Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_PROFILE_ROOT
Property value: String representing path to profile root directory
service = webdriver.firefox.service.Service(service_args=['--profile-root', temp_dir])Chromeとは異なり、Firefoxの拡張機能はCapabilityの一部として追加されるのではなく、ドライバーの起動後に作成されます。
Unlike Chrome, Firefox extensions are not added as part of capabilities as mentioned in this issue, they are created after starting the driver.
The following examples are for local webdrivers. For remote webdrivers, please refer to the Remote WebDriver page.
Mozilla Add-Onsページ から取得する署名付きxpiファイル
アドオンをアンインストールするには、そのIDを知る必要があります。 IDはアドオンインストール時の戻り値から取得できます。
未完成または未公開の拡張機能を使用する場合、署名されていない可能性があります。 そのため、“一時的なもの” としてのみインストールできます。 これは、zipファイルまたはディレクトリを渡すことで実行できます。ディレクトリの例を次に示します。
The following examples are for local webdrivers. For remote webdrivers, please refer to the Remote WebDriver page.
The following examples are for local webdrivers. For remote webdrivers, please refer to the Remote WebDriver page.
As of June 2022, Selenium officially no longer supports standalone Internet Explorer. The Internet Explorer driver still supports running Microsoft Edge in “IE Compatibility Mode.”
The IE Driver is the only driver maintained by the Selenium Project directly. While binaries for both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Internet Explorer are available, there are some known limitations with the 64-bit driver. As such it is recommended to use the 32-bit driver.
Additional information about using Internet Explorer can be found on the IE Driver Server page
Starting a Microsoft Edge browser in Internet Explorer Compatibility mode with basic defined options looks like this:
driver.quit()
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :ie, options: options
end
end
As of Internet Explorer Driver v4.5.0:
So, if IE is not on the system, you only need:
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('internet explorer')
.setIEOptions(options)
.build();<p><a href=https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/tree/trunk/examples>
<span class="selenium-badge-code" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="right"
title="Code examples are placed in the examples directory; see about section for contribution and style guides">Move Code</span></a></p>
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)Here are a few common use cases with different capabilities:
環境によっては、ファイルアップロードダイアログを開くときにInternet Explorerがタイムアウトする場合があります。 IEDriverのデフォルトのタイムアウトは1000ミリ秒ですが、fileUploadDialogTimeout capabilityを使用してタイムアウトを増やすことができます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.waitForUploadDialogUpTo(Duration.ofSeconds(2));
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.file_upload_dialog_timeout = 2000
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.FileUploadDialogTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(2000);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.file_upload_dialog_timeout = 2000
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:ie, options: options)
const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().fileUploadDialogTimeout(2000);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.waitForUploadDialogUpTo(Duration.ofSeconds(2))
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
この機能を true に設定すると、手動またはドライバーによって開始されたものを含め、
InternetExplorerの実行中のすべてのインスタンスのキャッシュ、ブラウザー履歴、およびCookieがクリアされます。
デフォルトでは、false に設定されています。
この機能を使用すると、ドライバーがIEブラウザーを起動する前にキャッシュがクリアされるまで待機するため、 ブラウザーの起動中にパフォーマンスが低下します。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.destructivelyEnsureCleanSession();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.ensure_clean_session = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.EnsureCleanSession = true;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.ensure_clean_session = true
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:ie, options: options)
const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().ensureCleanSession(true);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.destructivelyEnsureCleanSession()
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
InternetExplorerドライバーは、ブラウザーのズームレベルが100％であることを想定しています。 それ以外の場合、ドライバーは例外をスローします。 このデフォルトの動作は、 ignoreZoomSetting を true に設定することで無効にできます。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.ignoreZoomSettings();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.ignore_zoom_level = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.IgnoreZoomLevel = true;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.ignore_zoom_level = true
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:ie, options: options)
const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().ignoreZoomSetting(true);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.ignoreZoomSettings()
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
新しいIEセッションの起動中に 保護モード チェックをスキップするかどうか。
設定されておらず、 保護モード 設定がすべてのゾーンで同じでない場合、 ドライバーによって例外がスローされます。
ケイパビリティを true に設定すると、テストが不安定になったり、応答しなくなったり、
ブラウザがハングしたりする場合があります。
ただし、これはまだ2番目に良い選択であり、最初の選択は 常に
各ゾーンの保護モード設定を手動で実際に設定することです。
ユーザーがこのプロパティを使用している場合、「ベストエフォート」のみがサポートされます。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.introduceFlakinessByIgnoringSecurityDomains();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.ignore_protected_mode_settings = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.IntroduceInstabilityByIgnoringProtectedModeSettings = true;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.ignore_protected_mode_settings = true
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:ie, options: options)
const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().introduceFlakinessByIgnoringProtectedModeSettings(true);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.introduceFlakinessByIgnoringSecurityDomains()
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
true に設定すると、このケイパビリティはIEDriverServerの診断出力を抑制します。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.setCapability("silent", true);
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.set_capability("silent", True)
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.AddAdditionalInternetExplorerOption("silent", true);
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
<p><a href=https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/tree/trunk/examples>
<span class="selenium-badge-code" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="right"
title="Code examples are added to the projects in examples directory of repo; see about section for contribution and style guides">Add Example</span></a></p>
const {Builder,By, Capabilities} = require('selenium-webdriver');
let caps = Capabilities.ie();
caps.set('silent', true);
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('internet explorer')
.withCapabilities(caps)
.build();
try {
await driver.get('http://www.google.com/ncr');
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions
fun main() {
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.setCapability("silent", true)
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
val caps = driver.getCapabilities()
println(caps)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Internet Explorerには、ブラウザーのトラブルシューティングと構成を可能にするいくつかのコマンドラインオプションが含まれています。
次に、サポートされているいくつかのコマンドラインオプションについて説明します。
-private : IEをプライベートブラウジングモードで起動するために使用されます。 これはIE 8以降のバージョンで機能します。
-k : Internet Explorerをキオスクモードで起動します。 ブラウザは、アドレスバー、ナビゲーションボタン、またはステータスバーを表示しない最大化されたウィンドウで開きます。
-extoff : アドオンなしモードでIEを起動します。 このオプションは、ブラウザーのアドオンに関する問題のトラブルシューティングに特に使用されます。 IE 7以降のバージョンで動作します。
注：コマンドライン引数が機能するためには、 forceCreateProcessApi を順番に有効にする必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions;
public class ieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe();
options.addCommandSwitches("-k");
InternetExplorerDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");
Capabilities caps = driver.getCapabilities();
System.out.println(caps);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.add_argument('-private')
options.force_create_process_api = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
using System;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;
namespace ieTest {
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.ForceCreateProcessApi = true;
options.BrowserCommandLineArguments = "-k";
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
driver.Url = "https://google.com/ncr";
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.force_create_process_api = true
options.add_argument('-k')
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:ie, options: options)
begin
driver.get 'https://google.com'
puts(driver.capabilities.to_json)
ensure
driver.quit
end
const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options();
options.addBrowserCommandSwitches('-k');
options.addBrowserCommandSwitches('-private');
options.forceCreateProcessApi(true);
driver = await env.builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions
fun main() {
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe()
options.addCommandSwitches("-k")
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
val caps = driver.getCapabilities()
println(caps);
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
CreateProcess APIを使用してInternet Explorerを強制的に起動します。 デフォルト値はfalseです。
IE 8以降の場合、このオプションでは “TabProcGrowth” レジストリの値を0に設定する必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions;
public class ieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe();
InternetExplorerDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");
Capabilities caps = driver.getCapabilities();
System.out.println(caps);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.force_create_process_api = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
using System;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;
namespace ieTest {
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.ForceCreateProcessApi = true;
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
driver.Url = "https://google.com/ncr";
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.force_create_process_api = true
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(:ie, options: options)
begin
driver.get 'https://google.com'
puts(driver.capabilities.to_json)
ensure
driver.quit
end
const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options();
options.forceCreateProcessApi(true);
driver = await env.builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions
fun main() {
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe()
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
val caps = driver.getCapabilities()
println(caps)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Service settings common to all browsers are described on the Service page.
Getting driver logs can be helpful for debugging various issues. The Service class lets you direct where the logs will go. Logging output is ignored unless the user directs it somewhere.
To change the logging output to save to a specific file:
.withLogFile(getLogLocation())Note: Java also allows setting file output by System Property:
Property key: InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_LOGFILE_PROPERTY
Property value: String representing path to log file
def test_log_to_file(log_path):To change the logging output to display in the console as STDOUT:
.withLogOutput(System.out)Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_LOGFILE_PROPERTY
Property value: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT or DriverService.LOG_STDERR
There are 6 available log levels: FATAL, ERROR, WARN, INFO, DEBUG, and TRACE
If logging output is specified, the default level is FATAL
.withLogLevel(InternetExplorerDriverLogLevel.WARN)Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_LOGLEVEL_PROPERTY
Property value: String representation of InternetExplorerDriverLogLevel.DEBUG.toString() enum
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform != "win32", reason="requires Windows") service.LoggingLevel = InternetExplorerDriverLogLevel.Warn; .withExtractPath(getTempDirectory()) service.LibraryExtractionPath = GetTempDirectory();Unlike Chromium and Firefox drivers, the safaridriver is installed with the Operating System. To enable automation on Safari, run the following command from the terminal:
safaridriver --enable
Capabilities common to all browsers are described on the Options page.
Capabilities unique to Safari can be found at Apple’s page About WebDriver for Safari
Starting a Safari session with basic defined options looks like this:
def test_basic_options():
options = SafariOptions() @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :safari, options: options
end let driver = await env.builder()
.setSafariOptions(options)
.build();val options = SafariOptions()
val driver = SafariDriver(options)Those looking to automate Safari on iOS should look to the Appium project.
Service settings common to all browsers are described on the Service page.
Unlike other browsers, Safari doesn’t let you choose where logs are output, or change levels. The one option
available is to turn logs off or on. If logs are toggled on, they can be found at:~/Library/Logs/com.apple.WebDriver/.
.withLogging(true)Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: SafariDriverService.SAFARI_DRIVER_LOGGING
Property value: "true" or "false"
service = webdriver.safari.service.Service(service_args=["--diagnose"])Apple provides a development version of their browser — Safari Technology Preview To use this version in your code:
WebDriverは一般にブロッキングAPIを持っていると言えます。 ブラウザーに処理を 指示する Out-of-Processライブラリであり、Webプラットフォームは本質的に非同期の性質を持っているため、WebDriverはDOMのアクティブでリアルタイムな状態を追跡しません。 このことは、ここで説明するいくつかの課題が出てきます。
経験から、SeleniumとWebDriverの使用から生じる断続的なもののほとんどは、ブラウザーとユーザーの指示の間で発生する 競合状態 に関連しています。 たとえば、ユーザーがブラウザーにページに移動するように指示し、要素を見つけようとすると、no such element エラーが表示される場合があります。
次のドキュメントを考えてみましょう。
<!doctype html>
<meta charset=utf-8>
<title>Race Condition Example</title>
<script>
var initialised = false;
window.addEventListener("load", function() {
var newElement = document.createElement("p");
newElement.textContent = "Hello from JavaScript!";
document.body.appendChild(newElement);
initialised = true;
});
</script>
WebDriverの指示は十分問題なく見えるかもしれません。
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("p"));
assertEquals(element.getText(), "Hello from JavaScript!");
driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")
el = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "p")
assert el.text == "Hello from JavaScript!"
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("file:///race_condition.html");
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("p"));
assertEquals(element.Text, "Hello from JavaScript!");
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
begin
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'file:///race_condition.html'
# Get and store Paragraph Text
search_form = driver.find_element(:css,'p').text
"Hello from JavaScript!".eql? search_form
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.get('file:///race_condition.html');
const element = driver.findElement(By.css('p'));
assert.strictEqual(await element.getText(), 'Hello from JavaScript!');
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html")
val element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("p"))
assert(element.text == "Hello from JavaScript!")
ここでは、WebDriverで使用されるデフォルトの ページロード戦略 がdocument.readyStateをリッスンして、ナビゲーションの呼び出しから戻る前に"complete"に変更することが問題です。ドキュメントの読み込みが完了した後にp要素が追加されるため、このWebDriverスクリプトは断続的になる 可能性があります。 これらのイベントを明示的に待機（またはブロック）せずに非同期でトリガーする要素またはイベントについては保証できないため、断続的である可能性があります。
幸いなことに、 WebElement.click や WebElement.sendKeys などのWebElementインターフェイスで使用可能な通常の命令セットを使用すると、コマンドの呼び出しがブラウザーで完了するまで関数呼び出しが返されない（または、コールバックはコールバックスタイルの言語ではトリガーされない）ため、同期が保証されます。高度なユーザーインタラクションAPIであるキーボードとマウスは、 “言うことをする” 非同期コマンドとして明示的に意図されているため、例外です。
待機とは、自動化されたタスクの実行を一定時間経過させてから次のステップに進むことです。
ブラウザーとWebDriverスクリプト間の競合状態の問題を克服するために、ほとんどのSeleniumクライアントには待機パッケージが付属しています。待機を使用する場合、一般に明示的な待機と呼ばれるものを使用しています。
Seleniumクライアントは、命令型の手続き型言語の 明示的な待機 を利用できます。 これにより、 条件 が解決するまで、コードでプログラムの実行を停止したり、スレッドをフリーズしたりできます。 条件は、明示的な待機のタイムアウトが経過するまで特定の頻度で呼び出されます。 つまり、条件がfalseの値を返す限り、試行、待機し続けます。
明示的な待機により条件が発生するのを待機できるため、ブラウザーとそのDOM、およびWebDriverスクリプトの間で状態を同期するのに適しています。
以前のバグのある命令セットを修正するには、スクリプトから動的に追加された要素がDOMに追加されるまで、 findElement 呼び出しを待機させるために待機を採用できます。
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("cheese" + Keys.ENTER);
// Initialize and wait till element(link) became clickable - timeout in 10 seconds
WebElement firstResult = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")));
// Print the first result
System.out.println(firstResult.getText());
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
def document_initialised(driver):
return driver.execute_script("return initialised")
driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")
WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=10).until(document_initialised)
el = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "p")
assert el.text == "Hello from JavaScript!"
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Url = "https://www.google.com/ncr";
driver.FindElement(By.Name("q")).SendKeys("cheese" + Keys.Enter);
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
IWebElement firstResult = wait.Until(e => e.FindElement(By.XPath("//a/h3")));
Console.WriteLine(firstResult.Text);
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
wait = Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout => 10)
def document_initialised(driver)
driver.execute_script('return initialised')
end
begin
driver.get 'file:///race_condition.html'
wait.until{document_initialised driver}
search_form = driver.find_element(:css,'p').text
"Hello from JavaScript!".eql? search_form
ensure
driver.quit
end
const documentInitialised = () =>
driver.executeScript('return initialised');
await driver.get('file:///race_condition.html');
await driver.wait(() => documentInitialised(), 10000);
const element = driver.findElement(By.css('p'));
assert.strictEqual(await element.getText(), 'Hello from JavaScript!');
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("cheese" + Keys.ENTER)
// Initialize and wait till element(link) became clickable - timeout in 10 seconds
val firstResult = WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")))
// Print the first result
println(firstResult.text)
戻り値がtrueになるまで 待機 が繰り返し実行される関数リファレンスとして 条件 を渡します。 “真の"戻り値とは、文字列、数値、ブール値、オブジェクト（ WebElement を含む）、または入力された（空でない）シーケンスまたはリストなど、手元の言語でブール値trueと評価されるものです。 つまり、 空のリスト はfalseと評価されます。 条件がtrueで、ブロッキング待機が中止されると、条件からの戻り値が待機の戻り値になります。
このナレッジと、ウェイトユーティリティはデフォルトで no such element エラーを無視するため、より簡潔になるように命令をリファクタリングできます。
WebElement foo = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3))
.until(driver -> driver.findElement(By.name("q")));
assertEquals(foo.getText(), "Hello from JavaScript!");
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
driver.navigate("file:///race_condition.html")
el = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=3).until(lambda d: d.find_element(By.TAG_NAME,"p"))
assert el.text == "Hello from JavaScript!"
using (var driver = new FirefoxDriver())
{
var foo = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3))
.Until(drv => drv.FindElement(By.Name("q")));
Debug.Assert(foo.Text.Equals("Hello from JavaScript!"));
} driver.get 'file:///race_condition.html'
wait = Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout => 10)
ele = wait.until { driver.find_element(css: 'p')}
foo = ele.text
assert_match foo, 'Hello from JavaScript'
let ele = await driver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.css('p')),10000);
let foo = await ele.getText();
assert(foo == "Hello from JavaScript");
driver.get("file:///race_condition.html")
val ele = WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10))
.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.tagName("p")))
assert(ele.text == "Hello from JavaScript!")
この例では、匿名関数を渡します（ただし、以前に行ったように明示的に定義して再利用できるようにすることもできます）。 条件に渡される最初で唯一の引数は、常にドライバーオブジェクト WebDriver への参照です。 マルチスレッド環境では、外部スコープ内のドライバーへのリファレンスではなく、条件に渡されたドライバーのリファレンスを操作するように注意する必要があります。
待機は、要素が見つからないときに発生する no such element エラーを飲み込むため、要素が見つかるまで条件は再試行されます。 次に、戻り値である WebElement を取得して、スクリプトに渡します。
条件が失敗した場合、例えば条件からの真の戻り値に到達しない場合、待機は timeout error と呼ばれるエラー/例外をスロー/発生させます。
待機条件は、ニーズに合わせてカスタマイズできます。 成功した条件にヒットしないことに対するペナルティは高額になる可能性があるため、デフォルトのタイムアウトの全範囲を待つ必要がない場合があります。
WebDriverWaitに引数を渡してタイムアウトをオーバーライドできます。
new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")));
WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=3).until(some_condition)
new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3)).Until(driver => driver.FindElement(By.Name("q")));
wait = Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(:timeout => 10)
wait.until { driver.find_element(:id, 'message').displayed? }
await driver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.id('foo')), 30000);
WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3)).until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.xpath("//a/h3")))
DOMと指示を同期しなければならないことは非常に一般的であるため、ほとんどのクライアントには事前に定義された一連の _期待される条件_もあります。 名前から明らかなように、これらは頻繁な待機操作に対して事前定義されている条件です。
異なる言語バインディングで利用可能な条件は異なりますが、これは少数の抜粋したリストです。
各クライアントバインディングのAPIドキュメントを参照して、予想される条件の完全なリストを見つけることができます。
暗黙的な待機 と呼ばれる明示的な待機とは異なる2番目の種類の待機があります。 暗黙的に待機することにより、WebDriverは 何か 要素を見つけようとするときに特定の期間DOMをポーリングします。 これは、Webページ上の特定の要素がすぐに利用できず、ロードに時間がかかる場合に役立ちます。
要素の表示を暗黙的に待機することはデフォルトで無効になっており、セッションごとに手動で有効にする必要があります。 明示的な待機と暗黙的な待機を混在させると、意図しない結果、すなわち、要素が利用可能または条件が真であっても、最大時間スリープする待機が発生します。
警告 : 暗黙的な待機と明示的な待機を混在させないでください。 これを行うと、予測できない待機時間が発生する可能性があります。 たとえば、10秒の暗黙的な待機と15秒の明示的な待機を設定すると、20秒後にタイムアウトが発生する可能性があります。
暗黙的な待機は、1つまたは複数の要素がすぐに利用できない場合にそれらを見つけようとするときにWebDriverにDOMを一定時間ポーリングするように指示することです。 デフォルト設定は0で、無効を意味します。 設定すると、セッションの存続期間中、暗黙的な待機が設定されます。
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading");
WebElement myDynamicElement = driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));
driver = Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
my_dynamic_element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "myDynamicElement")
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10);
driver.Url = "http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading";
IWebElement dynamicElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("dynamicElement"));
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 10
begin
driver.get 'http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading'
search_form = driver.find_element(:id,'dynamic_element')
ensure
driver.quit
end
(async function(){
// Apply timeout for 10 seconds
await driver.manage().setTimeouts( { implicit: 10000 } );
// Navigate to url
await driver.get('http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading');
let webElement = driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"));
}());
val driver = FirefoxDriver()
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10))
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
val myDynamicElement = driver.findElement(By.id("myDynamicElement"))
FluentWaitインスタンスは、条件を待機する最大時間を定義します。 状態を確認する頻度も同様です。
ユーザーは、ページ上の要素を検索するときのNoSuchElementExceptionなど、待機中に特定の種類の例外を無視するように待機を構成できます。
// Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
// for its presence once every 5 seconds.
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
WebElement foo = wait.until(driver -> {
return driver.findElement(By.id("foo"));
});
driver = Firefox()
driver.get("http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading")
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=10, poll_frequency=1, ignored_exceptions=[ElementNotVisibleException, ElementNotSelectableException])
element = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, "//div")))
using (var driver = new FirefoxDriver())
{
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, timeout: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30))
{
PollingInterval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5),
};
wait.IgnoreExceptionTypes(typeof(NoSuchElementException));
var foo = wait.Until(drv => drv.FindElement(By.Id("foo")));
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
exception = Selenium::WebDriver::Error::NoSuchElementError
begin
driver.get 'http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading'
wait = Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 30, interval: 5, message: 'Timed out after 30 sec', ignore: exception)
foo = wait.until { driver.find_element(id: 'foo')}
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, until} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').build();
await driver.get('http://somedomain/url_that_delays_loading');
// Waiting 30 seconds for an element to be present on the page, checking
// for its presence once every 5 seconds.
let foo = await driver.wait(until.elementLocated(By.id('foo')), 30000, 'Timed out after 30 seconds', 5000);
})();
val wait = FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(3))
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException::class.java)
val foo = wait.until {it.findElement(By.id("foo")) }
ほとんどの人のSeleniumコードの大部分は、Web要素の操作に関連しています。
The file upload dialog could be handled using Selenium, when the input element is of type file. An example of it, could be found on this web page- https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload We will require to have a file available with us, which we need to upload. The code to upload the file for different programming languages will be as follows -
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
class fileUploadDoc{
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");
//we want to import selenium-snapshot file.
driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg");
driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit();
if(driver.getPageSource().contains("File Uploaded!")) {
System.out.println("file uploaded");
}
else{
System.out.println("file not uploaded");
}
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver.implicitly_wait(10)
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");
driver.find_element(By.ID,"file-upload").send_keys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")
driver.find_element(By.ID,"file-submit").submit()
if(driver.page_source.find("File Uploaded!")):
print("file upload success")
else:
print("file upload not successful")
driver.quit()
using System;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SeleniumDocumentation.SeleniumPRs
{
class FileUploadExample
{
static void Main(String[] args)
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try
{
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload");
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-upload")).SendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg");
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Submit();
if (driver.PageSource.Contains("File Uploaded!"))
{
Console.WriteLine("file uploaded");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("file not uploaded");
}
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
driver.find_element(:id,"file-upload").send_keys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")
driver.find_element(:id,"file-submit").submit()
if driver.page_source().include? "File Uploaded!"
puts "file upload success"
else
puts "file upload not successful"
end
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/upload.html');
// Upload snapshot
await driver.findElement(By.id("upload")).sendKeys(image);
await driver.findElement(By.id("go")).submit();import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload")
driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys("selenium-snapshot.jpg")
driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).submit()
if(driver.pageSource.contains("File Uploaded!")) {
println("file uploaded")
}
else{
println("file not uploaded")
}
}So the above example code helps to understand how we can upload a file using Selenium.
ロケーターは、ページ上の要素を識別する方法です。 これは、検索要素 メソッドに渡される引数です。
検出方法とは別にロケーターを宣言するタイミングと理由など、 ロケーターに関するヒントについては、 推奨されるテストプラクティス を確認してください。
WebDriverには標準のロケータが8種類あります。
| ロケータ | 詳細 |
|---|---|
| class name | class名に値を含む要素を探す (複合クラス名は使えない) |
| css selector | CSSセレクタが一致する要素を探す |
| id | id属性が一致する要素を探す |
| name | name属性が一致する要素を探す |
| link text | a要素のテキストが一致する要素を探す |
| partial link text | a要素のテキストが部分一致する要素を探す |
| tag name | タグ名が一致する要素を探す |
| xpath | XPathと一致する要素を探す |
To work on a web element using Selenium, we need to first locate it on the web page. Selenium provides us above mentioned ways, using which we can locate element on the page. To understand and create locator we will use the following HTML snippet.
<html>
<body>
<style>
.information {
background-color: white;
color: black;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
<h2>Contact Selenium</h2>
<form action="/action_page.php">
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="m" />Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="f" />Female <br>
<br>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input class="information" type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="Jane"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input class="information" type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<label for="newsletter">Newsletter:</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="newsletter" value="1" /><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<p>To know more about Selenium, visit the official page
<a href ="www.selenium.dev">Selenium Official Page</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
The HTML page web element can have attribute class. We can see an example in the above shown HTML snippet. We can identify these elements using the class name locator available in Selenium.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))
CSS is the language used to style HTML pages. We can use css selector locator strategy to identify the element on the page. If the element has an id, we create the locator as css = #id. Otherwise the format we follow is css =[attribute=value] . Let us see an example from above HTML snippet. We will create locator for First Name textbox, using css.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fname'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.css("#fname"))
We can use the ID attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Generally the ID property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Last Name field using it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.id('lname'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"))
We can use the NAME attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Generally the NAME property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Newsletter checkbox using it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.name('newsletter'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"))
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.linkText('Selenium Official Page'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"))
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the partial link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link. We can pass partial text as value. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText('Official Page'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"))
We can use the HTML TAG itself as a locator to identify the web element on the page. From the above HTML snippet shared, lets identify the link, using its html tag “a”.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.tagName('a'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"))
A HTML document can be considered as a XML document, and then we can use xpath which will be the path traversed to reach the element of interest to locate the element. The XPath could be absolute xpath, which is created from the root of the document. Example - /html/form/input[1]. This will return the male radio button. Or the xpath could be relative. Example- //input[@name=‘fname’]. This will return the first name text box. Let us create locator for female radio button using xpath.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.Xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.find_element(xpath: '//input[@value='f']')
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'))
Selenium 4 introduces Relative Locators (previously called as Friendly Locators). These locators are helpful when it is not easy to construct a locator for the desired element, but easy to describe spatially where the element is in relation to an element that does have an easily constructed locator.
Selenium uses the JavaScript function
getBoundingClientRect()
to determine the size and position of elements on the page, and can use this information to locate neighboring elements.
find the relative elements.
Relative locator methods can take as the argument for the point of origin, either a previously located element reference, or another locator. In these examples we’ll be using locators only, but you could swap the locator in the final method with an element object and it will work the same.
Let us consider the below example for understanding the relative locators.
If the email text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the password text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “above” the password element.
By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"));email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").above({By.ID: "password"})var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Above(By.Id("password"));email_locator = {relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}}let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).above(By.id('password'));val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"))If the password text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the email text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “below” the email element.
By passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"));password_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").below({By.ID: "email"})var passwordLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Below(By.Id("email"));password_locator = {relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}}let passwordLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).below(By.id('email'));val passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"))If the cancel button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the submit button element is, we can locate the cancel button element using the fact that it is a “button” element to the “left of” the submit element.
By cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"));cancel_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_left_of({By.ID: "submit"})var cancelLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).LeftOf(By.Id("submit"));cancel_locator = {relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}}let cancelLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toLeftOf(By.id('submit'));val cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"))If the submit button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the cancel button element is, we can locate the submit button element using the fact that it is a “button” element “to the right of” the cancel element.
By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel"));submit_locator = {relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}}let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))If the relative positioning is not obvious, or it varies based on window size, you can use the near method to
identify an element that is at most 50px away from the provided locator.
One great use case for this is to work with a form element that doesn’t have an easily constructed locator,
but its associated input label element does.
By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").near({By.ID: "lbl-email"})var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("input")).Near(By.Id("lbl-email"));email_locator = {relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}}let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).near(By.id('lbl-email'));val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));You can also chain locators if needed. Sometimes the element is most easily identified as being both above/below one element and right/left of another.
By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").below({By.ID: "email"}).to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).Below(By.Id("email")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel"));submit_locator = {relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}}let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).below(By.id('email')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))There are only 5 basic commands that can be executed on an element:
These methods are designed to closely emulate a user’s experience, so, unlike the Actions API, it attempts to perform two things before attempting the specified action.
The element click command is executed on the center of the element. If the center of the element is obscured for some reason, Selenium will return an element click intercepted error.
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Click on the element
driver.findElement(By.name("color_input")).click();
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Click on the element
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "color_input").click()
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Click the element
driver.FindElement(By.Name("color_input")).Click();
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Click the element
driver.find_element(name: 'color_input').click
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
// Click the element
await driver.findElement(By.name('color_input')).click();
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
// Click the element
driver.findElement(By.name("color_input")).click();
The element send keys command
types the provided keys into an editable element.
Typically, this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with a content-editable attribute. If it is not editable,
an invalid element state error is returned.
Here is the list of possible keystrokes that WebDriver Supports.
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).clear();
//Enter Text
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).sendKeys("admin@localhost.dev");
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").clear()
# Enter Text
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").send_keys("admin@localhost.dev" )
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).Clear();
//Enter Text
driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).SendKeys("admin@localhost.dev");
}
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').clear
# Enter Text
driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').send_keys 'admin@localhost.dev'
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
//Clear field to empty it from any previous data
await driver.findElement(By.name('email_input')).clear();
// Enter text
await driver.findElement(By.name('email_input')).sendKeys('admin@localhost.dev');
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).clear()
// Enter text
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).sendKeys("admin@localhost.dev")
The element clear command resets the content of an element.
This requires an element to be editable,
and resettable. Typically,
this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with acontent-editable attribute. If these conditions are not met,
an invalid element state error is returned.
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).clear();
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").clear()
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).Clear();
}
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').clear
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
//Clear field to empty it from any previous data
await driver.findElement(By.name('email_input')).clear();
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).clear()
In Selenium 4 this is no longer implemented with a separate endpoint and functions by executing a script. As such, it is recommended not to use this method and to click the applicable form submission button instead.
Seleniumを使用する最も基本的な側面の1つは、操作する要素の参照を取得することです。 Seleniumは、要素を一意に識別するための多数の組み込みロケーター戦略を提供します。 非常に高度なシナリオでロケーターを使用する方法はたくさんあります。 このドキュメントの目的のために、このHTMLスニペットについて考えてみましょう。
<ol id="vegetables">
<li class="potatoes">…
<li class="onions">…
<li class="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Vegetable</span>…
</ol>
<ul id="fruits">
<li class="bananas">…
<li class="apples">…
<li class="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Fruit</span>…
</ul>
多くのロケーターは、ページ上の複数の要素と一致します。 単数の find elementメソッドは、指定されたコンテキスト内で最初に見つかった要素への参照を返します。
ドライバーインスタンスで要素の検索メソッドが呼び出されると、提供されたロケーターと一致するDOMの最初の要素への参照が返されます。 この値は保存して、将来の要素アクションに使用できます。 上記のHTMLの例では、クラス名が “tomatoes” の要素が2つあるため、このメソッドは “vegetables” リストの要素を返します。
WebElement vegetable = driver.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"));
vegetable = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "tomatoes")
var vegetable = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("tomatoes"));
vegetable = driver.find_element(class: 'tomatoes')
const vegetable = await driver.findElement(By.className('tomatoes'));
val vegetable: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"))
DOM全体で一意のロケーターを見つけるのではなく、検索を別の検索された要素のスコープに絞り込むと便利なことがよくあります。 上記の例では、クラス名が “トマト” の2つの要素があり、2番目の要素の参照を取得するのは少し困難です。
1つの解決策は、目的の要素の祖先であり、不要な要素の祖先ではない一意の属性を持つ要素を見つけて、そのオブジェクトでfind要素を呼び出すことです。
WebElement fruits = driver.findElement(By.id("fruits"));
WebElement fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"));
fruits = driver.find_element(By.ID, "fruits")
fruit = fruits.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME,"tomatoes")
IWebElement fruits = driver.FindElement(By.Id("fruits"));
IWebElement fruit = fruits.FindElement(By.ClassName("tomatoes"));
fruits = driver.find_element(id: 'fruits')
fruit = fruits.find_element(class: 'tomatoes')
const fruits = await driver.findElement(By.id('fruits'));
const fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className('tomatoes'));
val fruits = driver.findElement(By.id("fruits"))
val fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"))
Java and C#
WebDriver 、 WebElement 、および ShadowRoot クラスはすべて、 ロールベースのインターフェイス と見なされる SearchContext インターフェイスを実装します。
ロールベースのインターフェイスを使用すると、特定のドライバーの実装が特定の機能をサポートしているかどうかを判断できます。
これらのインターフェースは明確に定義されており、責任の役割を1つだけ持つように努めています。
ネストされたルックアップは、ブラウザに2つの別々のコマンドを発行する必要があるため、最も効果的なロケーション戦略ではない可能性があります。
パフォーマンスをわずかに向上させるために、CSSまたはXPathのいずれかを使用して、単一のコマンドでこの要素を見つけることができます。 推奨されるテストプラクティスの章で、ロケーター戦略の提案を参照してください。
この例では、CSSセレクターを使用します。
WebElement fruit = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"));
fruit = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#fruits .tomatoes")
var fruit = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"));
fruit = driver.find_element(css: '#fruits .tomatoes')
const fruit = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fruits .tomatoes'));
val fruit = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"))
最初の要素だけでなく、ロケーターに一致するすべての要素への参照を取得する必要があるユースケースがいくつかあります。 複数の要素の検索メソッドは、要素参照のコレクションを返します。 一致するものがない場合は、空のリストが返されます。 この場合、すべてのfruitsとvegetableのリストアイテムへの参照がコレクションに返されます。
List<WebElement> plants = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"));
plants = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "li")
IReadOnlyList<IWebElement> plants = driver.FindElements(By.TagName("li"));
plants = driver.find_elements(tag_name: 'li')
const plants = await driver.findElements(By.tagName('li'));
val plants: List<WebElement> = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"))
多くの場合、要素のコレクションを取得しますが、特定の要素を操作したいので、コレクションを繰り返し処理して、 必要な要素を特定する必要があります。
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"));
for (WebElement element : elements) {
System.out.println("Paragraph text:" + element.getText());
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
print(e.text)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace FindElementsExample {
class FindElementsExample {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
IList < IWebElement > elements = driver.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));
foreach(IWebElement e in elements) {
System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);
}
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
begin
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = driver.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')
elements.each { |e|
puts e.text
}
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').build();
try {
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Get all the elements available with tag 'p'
let elements = await driver.findElements(By.css('p'));
for(let e of elements) {
console.log(await e.getText());
}
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver
fun main() {
val driver = FirefoxDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
val elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("p"))
for (element in elements) {
println("Paragraph text:" + element.text)
}
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
これは、親要素のコンテキスト内で一致する子のWebElementのリストを見つけるために利用されます。 これを実現するために、親WebElementは’findElements’と連鎖して子要素にアクセスします。
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.util.List;
public class findElementsFromElement {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("https://example.com");
// Get element with tag name 'div'
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"));
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
List<WebElement> elements = element.findElements(By.tagName("p"));
for (WebElement e : elements) {
System.out.println(e.getText());
}
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Get element with tag name 'div'
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'div')
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
print(e.text)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace FindElementsFromElement {
class FindElementsFromElement {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Get element with tag name 'div'
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("div"));
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
IList < IWebElement > elements = element.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));
foreach(IWebElement e in elements) {
System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);
}
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
# Navigate to URL
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Get element with tag name 'div'
element = driver.find_element(:tag_name,'div')
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = element.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')
elements.each { |e|
puts e.text
}
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Get element with tag name 'div'
let element = driver.findElement(By.css("div"));
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
let elements = await element.findElements(By.css("p"));
for(let e of elements) {
console.log(await e.getText());
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Get element with tag name 'div'
val element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"))
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
val elements = element.findElements(By.tagName("p"))
for (e in elements) {
println(e.text)
}
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
これは、現在のブラウジングコンテキストでフォーカスを持っているDOM要素を追跡（または）検索するために使用されます。
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class activeElementTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement");
// Get attribute of current active element
String attr = driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");
System.out.println(attr);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")
# Get attribute of current active element
attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")
print(attr)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace ActiveElement {
class ActiveElement {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");
driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("[name='q']")).SendKeys("webElement");
// Get attribute of current active element
string attr = driver.SwitchTo().ActiveElement().GetAttribute("title");
System.Console.WriteLine(attr);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.google.com'
driver.find_element(css: '[name="q"]').send_keys('webElement')
# Get attribute of current active element
attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.attribute('title')
puts attr
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');
await driver.findElement(By.css('[name="q"]')).sendKeys("webElement");
// Get attribute of current active element
let attr = await driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");
console.log(`${attr}`)
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement")
// Get attribute of current active element
val attr = driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title")
print(attr)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
特定の要素についてクエリできる詳細情報がいくつかあります。
This method is used to check if the connected Element is
displayed on a webpage. Returns a Boolean value,
True if the connected element is displayed in the current
browsing context else returns false.
This functionality is mentioned in, but not defined by the w3c specification due to the impossibility of covering all potential conditions. As such, Selenium cannot expect drivers to implement this functionality directly, and now relies on executing a large JavaScript function directly. This function makes many approximations about an element’s nature and relationship in the tree to return a value.
// Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Get boolean value for is element display
boolean isEmailVisible = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();# Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Get boolean value for is element display
is_email_visible = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").is_displayed()//Navigate to the url
driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";
//Get boolean value for is element display
Boolean is_email_visible = driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).Displayed;# Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
#fetch display status
val = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').displayed?// Navigate to url
await driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
let result = await driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns true if element is displayed else returns false
val flag = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed()このメソッドは、接続された要素がWebページで有効または無効になっているかどうかを確認するために使います。 ブール値を返し、現在のブラウジングコンテキストで接続されている要素が 有効（enabled） になっている場合は True 、そうでない場合は false を返します。
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
boolean value = driver.findElement(By.name("button_input")).isEnabled();
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Returns true if element is enabled else returns false
value = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'button_input').is_enabled()
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Store the WebElement
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("button_input"));
// Prints true if element is enabled else returns false
System.Console.WriteLine(element.Enabled);
# Navigate to url
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Returns true if element is enabled else returns false
ele = driver.find_element(name: 'button_input').enabled?
// Navigate to url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
// Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
let element = await driver.findElement(By.name("button_input")).isEnabled();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("button_input")).isEnabled()
このメソッドは、参照された要素が選択されているかどうかを判断します。 このメソッドは、チェックボックス、ラジオボタン、入力要素、およびオプション要素で広く使われています。
ブール値を返し、現在のブラウジングコンテキストで参照された要素が 選択されている 場合は True 、そうでない場合は false を返します。
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
//returns true if element is checked else returns false
boolean value = driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input")).isSelected();
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Returns true if element is checked else returns false
value = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "checkbox_input").is_selected()
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Returns true if element ins checked else returns false
bool value = driver.FindElement(By.Name("checkbox_input")).Selected;
# Navigate to url
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Returns true if element is checked else returns false
ele = driver.find_element(name: "checkbox_input").selected?
// Navigate to url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
// Returns true if element ins checked else returns false
let res = await driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input")).isSelected();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns true if element is checked else returns false
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input")).isSelected()
これは、現在のブラウジングコンテキストにフォーカスがある参照された要素の TagName を取得するために使います。
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
//returns TagName of the element
String value = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getTagName();
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Returns TagName of the element
attr = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").tag_name
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Returns TagName of the element
string attr = driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).TagName;
# Navigate to url
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Returns TagName of the element
attr = driver.find_element(name: "email_input").tag_name
// Navigate to URL
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
// Returns TagName of the element
let value = await driver.findElement(By.name('email_input')).getTagName();
//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns TagName of the element
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getTagName()
参照される要素の寸法と座標を取得するために使います。
取得データのbodyには、次の詳細が含まれます。
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
Rectangle res = driver.findElement(By.name("range_input")).getRect();
// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
System.out.println(res.getX());
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
res = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "range_input").rect
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
var res = driver.FindElement(By.Name("range_input"));
// Return x and y coordinates referenced element
System.Console.WriteLine(res.Location);
// Returns height, width
System.Console.WriteLine(res.Size);
# Navigate to url
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html'
# Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
res = driver.find_element(name: "range_input").rect
// Navigate to url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
let element = await driver.findElement(By.name("range_input")).getRect();
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
val res = driver.findElement(By.name("range_input")).rect
// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
println(res.getX())
現在のブラウジングコンテキスト内の要素の指定された計算したスタイル属性の値を取得します。
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html");
// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
String cssValue = driver.findElement(By.id("namedColor")).getCssValue("background-color");
# Navigate to Url
driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html')
# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
cssValue = driver.find_element(By.ID, "namedColor").value_of_css_property('background-color')
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html");
// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
String cssValue = driver.FindElement(By.Id("namedColor")).GetCssValue("background-color");
# Navigate to Url
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html'
# Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
cssValue = driver.find_element(:id, 'namedColor').css_value('background-color')
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html');
// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
let cssValue = await driver.findElement(By.id("namedColor")).getCssValue('background-color');
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html")
// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
val cssValue = driver.findElement(By.id("namedColor")).getCssValue("background-color")
指定された要素のレンダリングされたテキストを取得します。
// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html");
// Retrieves the text of the element
String text = driver.findElement(By.id("justanotherlink")).getText();
# Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html")
# Retrieves the text of the element
text = driver.find_element(By.ID, "justanotherlink").text
// Navigate to url
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html";
// Retrieves the text of the element
String text = driver.FindElement(By.Id("justanotherlink")).Text;
# Navigate to url
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html'
# Retrieves the text of the element
text = driver.find_element(:id, 'justanotherlink').text
// Navigate to URL
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html');
// retrieves the text of the element
let text = await driver.findElement(By.id('justanotherlink')).getText();
// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html")
// retrieves the text of the element
val text = driver.findElement(By.id("justanotherlink")).getText()
Fetches the run time value associated with a DOM attribute. It returns the data associated with the DOM attribute or property of the element.
//Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
//identify the email text box
WebElement emailTxt = driver.findElement(By.name(("email_input")));
//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
String valueInfo = eleSelLink.getAttribute("value");
# Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Identify the email text box
email_txt = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input")
# Fetch the value property associated with the textbox
value_info = email_txt.get_attribute("value")
//Navigate to the url
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";
//identify the email text box
IWebElement emailTxt = driver.FindElement(By.Name(("email_input")));
//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
String valueInfo = eleSelLink.GetAttribute("value");
# Navigate to the url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
#identify the email text box
email_element=driver.find_element(name: 'email_input')
#fetch the value property associated with the textbox
emailVal = email_element.attribute("value");
// Navigate to the Url
await driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// identify the email text box
const emailElement = await driver.findElements(By.xpath('//input[@name="email_input"]'));
//fetch the attribute "name" associated with the textbox
const nameAttribute = await emailElement.getAttribute("name");
// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getAttribute("value")
ブラウザーから現在のページタイトルを読むことができます。
driver.getTitle();driver.titledriver.Title;driver.titleawait driver.getTitle();driver.titleブラウザーのアドレスバーから現在のURLを読むには、次を使用します。
driver.getCurrentUrl();driver.current_urldriver.Url;driver.current_urlawait driver.getCurrentUrl();driver.currentUrlブラウザーを起動した後に最初に行うことは、Webサイトを開くことです。これは1行で実現できます。
//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl(@"https://selenium.dev");
# Convenient way
driver.get 'https://selenium.dev'
# Longer Way
driver.navigate.to 'https://selenium.dev'
await driver.get('https://selenium.dev');
//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")
ブラウザーの戻るボタンを押す。
driver.navigate().back();driver.back()driver.Navigate().Back();driver.navigate.backawait driver.navigate().back();driver.navigate().back() ブラウザーの次へボタンを押す。
driver.navigate().forward();driver.forward()driver.Navigate().Forward();driver.navigate.forwardawait driver.navigate().forward();driver.navigate().forward()現在のページを更新する。
driver.navigate().refresh();driver.refresh()driver.Navigate().Refresh();driver.navigate.refreshawait driver.navigate().refresh();driver.navigate().refresh()WebDriverは、JavaScriptが提供する3種類のネイティブポップアップメッセージを操作するためのAPIを提供します。 これらのポップアップはブラウザーによってスタイルが設定され、カスタマイズが制限されています。
これらの最も単純なものはアラートと呼ばれ、カスタムメッセージと、ほとんどのブラウザーでOKのラベルが付いたアラートを非表示にする単一のボタンを表示します。 ほとんどのブラウザーでは閉じるボタンを押すことで閉じることもできますが、これは常にOKボタンと同じことを行います。 アラートの例を参照してください。
WebDriverはポップアップからテキストを取得し、これらのアラートを受け入れるか、または閉じることができます。
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
String text = alert.getText();
//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
alert = wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text
# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See an example alert').click
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
alert_text = alert.text
# Press on OK button
alert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('See an example alert')).click();
// Wait for the alert to be displayed
await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
// Store the alert in a variable
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable
let alertText = await alert.getText();
//Press the OK button
await alert.accept();
// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
確認ダイアログボックスはアラートに似ていますが、ユーザーがメッセージをキャンセルすることも選択できる点が異なります。 サンプルを確認してください。
この例は、アラートを保存する別の方法も示しています。
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
String text = alert.getText();
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
text = alert.text
# Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See a sample confirm').click
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Store the alert text in a variable
alert_text = alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss
//Click the link to activate the alert
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample confirm')).click();
// Wait for the alert to be displayed
await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
// Store the alert in a variable
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable
let alertText = await alert.getText();
//Press the Cancel button
await alert.dismiss();
// Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
プロンプトは確認ボックスに似ていますが、テキスト入力も含まれている点が異なります。 フォーム要素の操作と同様に、WebDriverの送信キーを使用して応答を入力できます。 これにより、プレースホルダーテキストが完全に置き換えられます。 キャンセルボタンを押してもテキストは送信されません。 サンプルプロンプトを参照してください。
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt").click()
# Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(expected_conditions.alert_is_present())
# Store the alert in a variable for reuse
alert = Alert(driver)
# Type your message
alert.send_keys("Selenium")
# Press the OK button
alert.accept()
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Click the link to activate the alert
driver.find_element(:link_text, 'See a sample prompt').click
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Type a message
alert.send_keys("selenium")
# Press on Ok button
alert.accept
//Click the link to activate the alert
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('See a sample prompt')).click();
// Wait for the alert to be displayed
await driver.wait(until.alertIsPresent());
// Store the alert in a variable
let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Type your message
await alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
await alert.accept();
//Note: To use await, the above code should be inside an async function
//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
Cookieは、Webサイトから送信され、コンピューターに保存される小さなデータです。 Cookieは、主にユーザーを認識し、保存されている情報を読み込むために使用されます。
WebDriver APIは、組み込みメソッドでCookieと対話するメソッドを提供します。
現在のブラウジングコンテキストにCookieを追加するために使用されます。 Cookieの追加では、一連の定義済みのシリアル化可能なJSONオブジェクトのみを受け入れます。 受け入れられたJSONキー値のリストへのリンクはこちらにあります。
まず、Cookieが有効になるドメインにいる必要があります。 サイトとの対話を開始する前にCookieを事前設定しようとしていて、ホームページが大きい場合/代替の読み込みに時間がかかる場合は、サイトで小さいページを見つけることです。（通常、たとえば http://example.com/some404page のような、404ページは小さいです。）
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class addCookie {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"})
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace AddCookie {
class AddCookie {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Create a cookie', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// set a cookie on the current domain
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value' });import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
関連付けられているすべてのCookieの中で、Cookie名と一致するシリアル化されたCookieデータを返します。
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class getCookieNamed {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie1 = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");
System.out.println(cookie1);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo"))
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace GetCookieNamed {
class GetCookieNamed {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
var cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Read cookie', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// set a cookie on the current domain
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'foo', value: 'bar' });
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
await driver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookie);
});import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
println(cookie)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
現在のブラウジングコンテキストの ‘成功したシリアル化されたCookieデータ’ を返します。 ブラウザが使用できなくなった場合、エラーが返されます。
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.util.Set;
public class getAllCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
// Add few cookies
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get All available cookies
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
System.out.println(cookies);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies())
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace GetAllCookies {
class GetAllCookies {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get All available cookies
var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# Get all available cookies
puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Read all cookies', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Add few cookies
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test1', value: 'cookie1' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
// Get all Available cookies
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookies);
});import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// Get All available cookies
val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
println(cookies)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
指定されたCookie名と一致するCookieデータを削除します。
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class deleteCookie {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1");
/*
Selenium Java bindings also provides a way to delete
cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
*/
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1")
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace DeleteCookie {
class DeleteCookie {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
var cookie = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie);
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");
// Selenium .net bindings also provides a way to delete
// cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookie(cookie);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Delete a cookie', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Add few cookies
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test1', value: 'cookie1' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
// Delete a cookie with name 'test1'
await driver.manage().deleteCookie('test1');
// Get all Available cookies
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {
console.log('cookie details => ', cookies);
});import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
現在のブラウジングコンテキストの全てのCookieを削除します。
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class deleteAllCookies {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Deletes all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace DeleteAllCookies {
class DeleteAllCookies {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// deletes all cookies
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# deletes all cookies
driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Delete all cookies', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Add few cookies
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test1', value: 'cookie1' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
// Delete all cookies
await driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
これにより、ユーザーは、サードパーティのサイトによって開始されたリクエストとともに Cookieを送信するかどうかをブラウザに指示できます。 CSRF（クロスサイトリクエストフォージェリ）攻撃を防ぐために導入されました。
SameSite Cookie属性は、2つのパラメーターを命令として受け入れます。
SameSite属性が Strict に設定されている場合、CookieはサードパーティのWebサイトによって 開始されたリクエストとともに送信されません。
CookieのSameSite属性を Lax に設定すると、CookieはサードパーティのWebサイトによって 開始されたGETリクエストとともに送信されます。
Note: As of now this feature is landed in chrome(80+version), Firefox(79+version) and works with Selenium 4 and later versions.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class cookieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
Cookie cookie = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build();
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build();
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
System.out.println(cookie.getSameSite());
System.out.println(cookie1.getSameSite());
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Strict'})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", 'sameSite': 'Lax'})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie('foo')
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie('foo1')
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SameSiteCookie {
class SameSiteCookie {
static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);
var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
it('Create cookies with sameSite', async function() {
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Strict' });
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'key', value: 'value', sameSite: 'Lax' });import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
println(cookie.getSameSite())
println(cookie1.getSameSite())
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Frameは、同じドメイン上の複数のドキュメントからサイトレイアウトを構築する非推奨の手段となりました。 HTML5以前のWebアプリを使用している場合を除き、frameを使用することはほとんどありません。 iFrameは、まったく異なるドメインからのドキュメントの挿入を許可し、今でも一般的に使用されています。
FrameまたはiFrameを使用する必要がある場合、Webdriverを使用して同じ方法で作業できます。 iFrame内のボタンがある場合を考えてみましょう。ブラウザー開発ツールを使用して要素を検査すると、次のように表示される場合があります。
<div id="modal">
<iframe id="buttonframe" name="myframe" src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
<button>Click here</button>
</iframe>
</div>
iFrameがなければ、次のようなボタンを使用してボタンをクリックします。
//This won't work
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# This Wont work
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
//This won't work
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# This won't work
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// This won't work
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//This won't work
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
ただし、iFrameの外側にボタンがない場合は、代わりにno such elementエラーが発生する可能性があります。 これは、Seleniumがトップレベルのドキュメントの要素のみを認識するために発生します。 ボタンを操作するには、ウィンドウを切り替える方法と同様に、最初にFrameに切り替える必要があります。 WebDriverは、Frameに切り替える3つの方法を提供します。
WebElementを使用した切り替えは、最も柔軟なオプションです。好みのセレクタを使用してFrameを見つけ、それに切り替えることができます。
//Store the web element
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")
# switch to selected iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
# Now click on button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
//Store the web element
IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#modal>iframe"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
//Now we can click the button
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal > iframe')
# Switch to the frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe
# Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Store the web element
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal > iframe'));
// Switch to the frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
// Now we can click the button
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Store the web element
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)
//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
FrameまたはiFrameにidまたはname属性がある場合、代わりにこれを使うことができます。 名前またはIDがページ上で一意でない場合、最初に見つかったものに切り替えます。
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe");
//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe");
//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# Switch frame by id
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')
# Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
//Using the ID
driver.SwitchTo().Frame("buttonframe");
//Or using the name instead
driver.SwitchTo().Frame("myframe");
//Now we can click the button
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# Switch by ID
driver.switch_to.frame 'buttonframe'
# Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Using the ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');
// Or using the name instead
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');
// Now we can click the button
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")
//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")
//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
JavaScriptの window.frames を使用して照会できるように、Frameのインデックスを使用することもできます。
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1);
# Switch to the second frame
driver.switch_to.frame(1)
// Switches to the second frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(1);
# switching to second iframe based on index
iframe = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]
# switch to selected iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
// Switches to the second frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1)
iFrameまたはFrameセットを終了するには、次のようにデフォルトのコンテンツに切り替えます。
// Return to the top level
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
# switch back to default content
driver.switch_to.default_content()
// Return to the top level
driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent();
# Return to the top level
driver.switch_to.default_content
// Return to the top level
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
// Return to the top level
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()
WebDriverは、ウィンドウとタブを区別しません。 サイトが新しいタブまたはウィンドウを開く場合、Seleniumはウィンドウハンドルを使って連動します。 各ウィンドウには一意の識別子があり、これは単一のセッションで持続します。 次のコードを使用して、現在のウィンドウのウィンドウハンドルを取得できます。
driver.getWindowHandle();driver.current_window_handledriver.CurrentWindowHandle;driver.window_handleawait driver.getWindowHandle();driver.windowHandle新しいウィンドウで開くリンクをクリックすると、新しいウィンドウまたはタブが画面にフォーカスされますが、WebDriverはオペレーティングシステムがアクティブと見なすウィンドウを認識しません。 新しいウィンドウで作業するには、それに切り替える必要があります。 開いているタブまたはウィンドウが2つしかなく、どちらのウィンドウから開始するかがわかっている場合、削除のプロセスによって、WebDriverが表示できる両方のウィンドウまたはタブをループし、元のウィンドウまたはタブに切り替えることができます。
ただし、Selenium 4には、新しいタブ（または）新しいウィンドウを作成して自動的に切り替える新しいAPI NewWindow が用意されています。
//Store the ID of the original window
String originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert driver.getWindowHandles().size() == 1;
//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click();
//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2));
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (String windowHandle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if(!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
break;
}
}
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"));
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# Start the driver
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# Open URL
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# Setup wait for later
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# Check we don't have other windows open already
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# Loop through until we find a new window handle
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
//Store the ID of the original window
string originalWindow = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
//Check we don't have other windows open already
Assert.AreEqual(driver.WindowHandles.Count, 1);
//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("new window")).Click();
//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.Until(wd => wd.WindowHandles.Count == 2);
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
foreach(string window in driver.WindowHandles)
{
if(originalWindow != window)
{
driver.SwitchTo().Window(window);
break;
}
}
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.Until(wd => wd.Title == "Selenium documentation");
#Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.window_handle
#Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1, 'Expected one window')
#Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(link: 'new window').click
#Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until { driver.window_handles.length == 2 }
#Loop through until we find a new window handle
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until { driver.title == 'Selenium documentation'}
//Store the ID of the original window
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
//Click the link which opens in a new window
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
//Wait for the new window or tab
await driver.wait(
async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {
if (handle !== originalWindow) {
await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);
//Store the ID of the original window
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
新しいウィンドウ（または）タブを作成し、画面上の新しいウィンドウまたはタブにフォーカスします。 新しいウィンドウ（または）タブを使用するように切り替える必要はありません。 新しいウィンドウ以外に3つ以上のウィンドウ（または）タブを開いている場合、WebDriverが表示できる両方のウィンドウまたはタブをループして、元のものではないものに切り替えることができます。
注意: この機能は、Selenium 4以降のバージョンで機能します。
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
# Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab)
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window)
# Note: The new_window in ruby only opens a new tab (or) Window and will not switch automatically
# The user has to switch to new tab (or) new window
# Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.manage.new_window(:tab)
# Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.manage.new_window(:window)
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('tab');
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window');
// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
ウィンドウまたはタブでの作業が終了し、 かつ ブラウザーで最後に開いたウィンドウまたはタブではない場合、それを閉じて、以前使用していたウィンドウに切り替える必要があります。 前のセクションのコードサンプルに従ったと仮定すると、変数に前のウィンドウハンドルが格納されます。 これをまとめると以下のようになります。
//Close the tab or window
driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
#Close the tab or window
driver.close()
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
//Close the tab or window
driver.Close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(originalWindow);
#Close the tab or window
driver.close
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window original_window
//Close the tab or window
await driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
//Close the tab or window
driver.close()
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)
ウィンドウを閉じた後に別のウィンドウハンドルに切り替えるのを忘れると、現在閉じられているページでWebDriverが実行されたままになり、 No Such Window Exception が発行されます。実行を継続するには、有効なウィンドウハンドルに切り替える必要があります。
ブラウザーセッションを終了したら、closeではなく、quitを呼び出す必要があります。
driver.quit();driver.quit()driver.Quit();driver.quitawait driver.quit();driver.quit()quitの呼び出しに失敗すると、余分なバックグラウンドプロセスとポートがマシン上で実行されたままになり、後で問題が発生する可能性があります。
一部のテストフレームワークでは、テストの終了時にフックできるメソッドとアノテーションを提供しています。
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
# unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
/*
Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{
driver.Quit();
}
# UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end
/**
* Example using Mocha
* https://mochajs.org/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {
await driver.quit();
});
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}
テストコンテキストでWebDriverを実行していない場合は、ほとんどの言語で提供されている try / finally の使用を検討して、例外がWebDriverセッションをクリーンアップするようにします。
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
try:
#WebDriver code here...
finally:
driver.quit()
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
begin
#WebDriver code here...
ensure
driver.quit
end
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
await driver.quit();
}
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
PythonのWebDriverは、pythonコンテキストマネージャーをサポートするようになりました。 withキーワードを使用すると、実行終了時にドライバーを自動的に終了できます。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver code here...
# WebDriver will automatically quit after indentation
画面解像度はWebアプリケーションのレンダリング方法に影響を与える可能性があるため、WebDriverはブラウザーウィンドウを移動およびサイズ変更するメカニズムを提供します。
ブラウザーウィンドウのサイズをピクセル単位で取得します。
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height;
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height
// Access each dimension individually
const { width, height } = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const width1 = rect.width;
const height1 = rect.height;
//Access each dimension individually
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height
ウィンドウを復元し、ウィンドウサイズを設定します。
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)await driver.manage().window().setRect({ width: 1024, height: 768 });driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)ブラウザーウィンドウの左上の座標を取得します。
// Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();
# Access each dimension individually
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')
//Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y;
#Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y
// Access each dimension individually
const { x, y } = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const x1 = rect.x;
const y1 = rect.y;
// Access each dimension individually
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y
## ウィンドウの位置設定
選択した位置にウィンドウを移動します。
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));
# Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);
driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
await driver.manage().window().setRect({ x: 0, y: 0 });
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)
ウィンドウを拡大します。ほとんどのオペレーティングシステムでは、オペレーティングシステムのメニューとツールバーをブロックすることなく、ウィンドウが画面いっぱいに表示されます。
driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.maximize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();driver.manage.window.maximizeawait driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.manage().window().maximize()現在のブラウジングコンテキストのウィンドウを最小化します。 このコマンドの正確な動作は、個々のウィンドウマネージャーに固有のものです。
ウィンドウを最小化すると、通常、システムトレイのウィンドウが非表示になります。
注：この機能は、Selenium 4以降のバージョンで機能します。
driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.minimize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();driver.manage.window.minimizeawait driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.manage().window().minimize()ほとんどのブラウザーでF11を押すのと同じように、画面全体に表示されます。
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.fullscreen_window()driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();driver.manage.window.full_screenawait driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.manage().window().fullscreen()現在のブラウジング コンテキストのスクリーンショットをキャプチャするために使います。
WebDriver エンドポイントの スクリーンショット は、
Base64 形式でエンコードされたスクリーンショットを返します。
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit() using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
end
let {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
let fs = require('fs');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Returns base64 encoded string
let encodedString = await driver.takeScreenshot();
await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
await driver.quit();
}())
import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
現在のブラウジング コンテキストの要素のスクリーンショットをキャプチャするために使います。 WebDriver エンドポイントの スクリーンショット は、 Base64 形式でエンコードされたスクリーンショットを返します。
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end
const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
let fs = require('fs');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
let ele = await driver.findElement(By.css("h1"));
// Captures the element screenshot
let encodedString = await ele.takeScreenshot(true);
await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
await driver.quit();
}())
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
選択したフレームまたはウィンドウの現在のコンテキストで、JavaScript コードスニペットを実行します。
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)
//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
let text = await driver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText', header);
// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
ブラウザ内の現在のページを印刷します。
Note: Chromium ブラウザがヘッドレスモードである必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)
// code sample not available please raise a PR
driver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape')
const {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let opts = new chrome.Options();
let fs = require('fs');
(async function example() {
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts.headless())
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev');
try {
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges:["1-2"]});
await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
} catch (e) {
console.log(e)
}
await driver.quit();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.content
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
Web applications can enable a public key-based authentication mechanism known as Web Authentication to authenticate users in a passwordless manner. Web Authentication defines APIs that allows a user to create a public-key credential and register it with an authenticator. An authenticator can be a hardware device or a software entity that stores user’s public-key credentials and retrieves them on request.
As the name suggests, Virtual Authenticator emulates such authenticators for testing.
A Virtual Authenticatior has a set of properties. These properties are mapped as VirtualAuthenticatorOptions in the Selenium bindings.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserConsenting(true)
.setTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserConsenting(true)
.SetTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false); it('Virtual options', async function () {
options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions();
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserConsenting(true);
options.setTransport(Transport['USB']);
options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);It creates a new virtual authenticator with the provided properties.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);Removes the previously added virtual authenticator.
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).removeVirtualAuthenticator(authenticator); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
String virtualAuthenticatorId = ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveVirtualAuthenticator(virtualAuthenticatorId); await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
await driver.removeVirtualAuthenticator();Creates a resident (stateful) credential with the given required credential parameters.
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);Creates a resident (stateless) credential with the given required credential parameters.
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);Registers the credential with the authenticator.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(nonResidentCredential); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);Returns the list of credentials owned by the authenticator.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2)
.setHasResidentKey(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserVerified(true);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials(); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(Protocol.CTAP2)
.SetHasResidentKey(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserVerified(true);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials();Removes a credential from the authenticator based on the passed credential id.
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveCredential(credentialId); VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential credential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, 0);
authenticator.addCredential(credential);
authenticator.removeCredential(credentialId);Removes all the credentials from the authenticator.
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
authenticator.removeAllCredentials(); ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveAllCredentials();Sets whether the authenticator will simulate success or fail on user verification.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true);In addition to the high-level element interactions, the Actions API provides granular control over exactly what designated input devices can do. Selenium provides an interface for 3 kinds of input sources: a key input for keyboard devices, a pointer input for a mouse, pen or touch devices, and wheel inputs for scroll wheel devices (introduced in Selenium 4.2). Selenium allows you to construct individual action commands assigned to specific inputs and chain them together and call the associated perform method to execute them all at once.
In the move from the legacy JSON Wire Protocol to the new W3C WebDriver Protocol, the low level building blocks of actions became especially detailed. It is extremely powerful, but each input device has a number of ways to use it and if you need to manage more than one device, you are responsible for ensuring proper synchronization between them.
Thankfully, you likely do not need to learn how to use the low level commands directly, since almost everything you might want to do has been given a convenience method that combines the lower level commands for you. These are all documented in keyboard, mouse, pen, and wheel pages.
Pointer movements and Wheel scrolling allow the user to set a duration for the action, but sometimes you just need to wait a beat between actions for things to work correctly.
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(clickable)
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.clickAndHold()
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver)\
.move_to_element(clickable)\
.pause(1)\
.click_and_hold()\
.pause(1)\
.send_keys("abc")\
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.MoveToElement(clickable)
.Pause(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1))
.ClickAndHold()
.Pause(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1))
.SendKeys("abc")
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.move_to(clickable)
.pause(duration: 1)
.click_and_hold
.pause(duration: 1)
.send_keys('abc')
.perform const clickable = await driver.findElement(By.id('clickable'))
await driver.actions()
.move({ origin: clickable })
.pause(1000)
.press()
.pause(1000)
.sendKeys('abc')
.perform()
val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(clickable)
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.clickAndHold()
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform() An important thing to note is that the driver remembers the state of all the input items throughout a session. Even if you create a new instance of an actions class, the depressed keys and the location of the pointer will be in whatever state a previously performed action left them.
There is a special method to release all currently depressed keys and pointer buttons. This method is implemented differently in each of the languages because it does not get executed with the perform method.
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).resetInputState(); ActionBuilder(driver).clear_actions() ((WebDriver)driver).ResetInputState(); driver.action.release_actions await driver.actions().clear()
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).resetInputState()There are only 2 actions that can be accomplished with a keyboard: pressing down on a key, and releasing a pressed key. In addition to supporting ASCII characters, each keyboard key has a representation that can be pressed or released in designated sequences.
In addition to the keys represented by regular unicode, unicode values have been assigned to other keyboard keys for use with Selenium. Each language has its own way to reference these keys; the full list can be found here.
new Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys("abc")\
.perform() .KeyDown(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys("a")
.Perform();
driver.action
.key_down(:shift)
.send_keys('a')
.perform await driver.actions()
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('a')
.perform()
Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("b")
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys("a")\
.key_up(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys("b")\
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.KeyDown(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys("a")
.KeyUp(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys("b")
.Perform(); driver.action
.key_down(:shift)
.send_keys('a')
.key_up(:shift)
.send_keys('b')
.perform await driver.actions()
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('a')
.keyUp(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('b')
.perform()
Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("b")
.perform()This is a convenience method in the Actions API that combines keyDown and keyUp commands in one action. Executing this command differs slightly from using the element method, but primarily this gets used when needing to type multiple characters in the middle of other actions.
new Actions(driver)
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.send_keys("abc")\
.perform()
new Actions(driver)
.SendKeys("abc") driver.action
.send_keys('abc')
.perform const textField = driver.findElement(By.id('textInput'))
await textField.click()
Actions(driver)
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.perform();
text_input = driver.find_element(By.ID, "textInput")
ActionChains(driver)\
.send_keys_to_element(text_input, "abc")\
.perform() driver.FindElement(By.TagName("body")).Click();
IWebElement textField = driver.FindElement(By.Id("textInput"));
new Actions(driver) text_field = driver.find_element(id: 'textInput')
driver.action
.send_keys(text_field, 'Selenium!')
.perform const textField = await driver.findElement(By.id('textInput'))
await driver.actions()
.sendKeys(textField, 'abc')
.perform()
val textField = driver.findElement(By.id("textInput"))
Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.perform()Here’s an example of using all of the above methods to conduct a copy / paste action.
Note that the key to use for this operation will be different depending on if it is a Mac OS or not.
This code will end up with the text: SeleniumSelenium!
Keys cmdCtrl = Platform.getCurrent().is(Platform.MAC) ? Keys.COMMAND : Keys.CONTROL;
WebElement textField = driver.findElement(By.id("textInput"));
new Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_UP)
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.keyDown(cmdCtrl)
.sendKeys("xvv")
.keyUp(cmdCtrl)
.perform();
Assertions.assertEquals("SeleniumSelenium!", textField.getAttribute("value")); cmd_ctrl = Keys.COMMAND if sys.platform == 'darwin' else Keys.CONTROL
ActionChains(driver)\
.send_keys("Selenium!")\
.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)\
.key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_UP)\
.key_up(Keys.SHIFT)\
.key_down(cmd_ctrl)\
.send_keys("xvv")\
.key_up(cmd_ctrl)\
.perform()
var capabilities = ((WebDriver)driver).Capabilities;
String platformName = (string)capabilities.GetCapability("platformName");
String cmdCtrl = platformName.Contains("mac") ? Keys.Command : Keys.Control;
new Actions(driver)
.SendKeys("Selenium!")
.SendKeys(Keys.ArrowLeft)
.KeyDown(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys(Keys.ArrowUp) cmd_ctrl = driver.capabilities.platform_name.include?('mac') ? :command : :control
driver.action
.send_keys('Selenium!')
.send_keys(:arrow_left)
.key_down(:shift)
.send_keys(:arrow_up)
.key_up(:shift)
.key_down(cmd_ctrl)
.send_keys('xvv')
.key_up(cmd_ctrl)
.perform const cmdCtrl = platform.includes('darwin') ? Key.COMMAND : Key.CONTROL
await driver.actions()
.click(textField)
.sendKeys('Selenium!')
.sendKeys(Key.ARROW_LEFT)
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys(Key.ARROW_UP)
.keyUp(Key.SHIFT)
.keyDown(cmdCtrl)
.sendKeys('xvv')
.keyUp(cmdCtrl)
.perform()
val cmdCtrl = if(platformName == Platform.MAC) Keys.COMMAND else Keys.CONTROL
val textField = driver.findElement(By.id("textInput"))
Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_UP)
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.keyDown(cmdCtrl)
.sendKeys("xvv")
.keyUp(cmdCtrl)
.perform()There are only 3 actions that can be accomplished with a mouse: pressing down on a button, releasing a pressed button, and moving the mouse. Selenium provides convenience methods that combine these actions in the most common ways.
This method combines moving the mouse to the center of an element with pressing the left mouse button. This is useful for focusing a specific element:
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.clickAndHold(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver)\
.click_and_hold(clickable)\
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.ClickAndHold(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.click_and_hold(clickable)
.perform let clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({origin: clickable}).press().perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.clickAndHold(clickable)
.perform()This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the left mouse button. This is otherwise known as “clicking”:
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("click"));
new Actions(driver)
.click(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "click")
ActionChains(driver)\
.click(clickable)\
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("click"));
new Actions(driver)
.Click(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'click')
driver.action
.click(clickable)
.perform let click = driver.findElement(By.id("click"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({origin: click}).click().perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("click"))
Actions(driver)
.click(clickable)
.perform()There are a total of 5 defined buttons for a Mouse:
This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the right mouse button (button 2). This is otherwise known as “right-clicking”:
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.contextClick(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver)\
.context_click(clickable)\
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.ContextClick(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.context_click(clickable)
.perform const clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.contextClick(clickable).perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.contextClick(clickable)
.perform()There is no convenience method for this, it is just pressing and releasing mouse button 3
PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse");
Sequence actions = new Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions)); action = ActionBuilder(driver)
action.pointer_action.pointer_down(MouseButton.BACK)
action.pointer_action.pointer_up(MouseButton.BACK)
action.perform() ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Mouse, "default mouse");
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Back));
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Back));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); driver.action
.pointer_down(:back)
.pointer_up(:back)
.perform const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.press(Button.BACK).release(Button.BACK).perform() val mouse = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse")
val actions = Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions))There is no convenience method for this, it is just pressing and releasing mouse button 4
PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse");
Sequence actions = new Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions)); action = ActionBuilder(driver)
action.pointer_action.pointer_down(MouseButton.FORWARD)
action.pointer_action.pointer_up(MouseButton.FORWARD)
action.perform() ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Mouse, "default mouse");
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Forward));
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Forward));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); driver.action
.pointer_down(:forward)
.pointer_up(:forward)
.perform const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.press(Button.FORWARD).release(Button.FORWARD).perform() val mouse = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse")
val actions = Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions))This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the left mouse button twice.
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.doubleClick(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver)\
.double_click(clickable)\
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.DoubleClick(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.double_click(clickable)
.perform const clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.doubleClick(clickable).perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.doubleClick(clickable)
.perform()This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element. This is otherwise known as “hovering.” Note that the element must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
WebElement hoverable = driver.findElement(By.id("hover"));
new Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(hoverable)
.perform(); hoverable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "hover")
ActionChains(driver)\
.move_to_element(hoverable)\
.perform() IWebElement hoverable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("hover"));
new Actions(driver)
.MoveToElement(hoverable)
.Perform(); hoverable = driver.find_element(id: 'hover')
driver.action
.move_to(hoverable)
.perform const hoverable = driver.findElement(By.id("hover"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({origin: hoverable}).perform(); val hoverable = driver.findElement(By.id("hover"))
Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(hoverable)
.perform()These methods first move the mouse to the designated origin and then by the number of pixels in the provided offset. Note that the position of the mouse must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element, then moves by the provided offset.
WebElement tracker = driver.findElement(By.id("mouse-tracker"));
new Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(tracker, 8, 0)
.perform(); mouse_tracker = driver.find_element(By.ID, "mouse-tracker")
ActionChains(driver)\
.move_to_element_with_offset(mouse_tracker, 8, 0)\
.perform() IWebElement tracker = driver.FindElement(By.Id("mouse-tracker"));
new Actions(driver)
.MoveToElement(tracker, 8, 0)
.Perform(); mouse_tracker = driver.find_element(id: 'mouse-tracker')
driver.action
.move_to(mouse_tracker, 8, 11)
.perform val tracker = driver.findElement(By.id("mouse-tracker"))
Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(tracker, 8, 0)
.perform()This method moves the mouse from the upper left corner of the current viewport by the provided offset.
PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse");
Sequence actions = new Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, PointerInput.Origin.viewport(), 8, 12));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions)); action = ActionBuilder(driver)
action.pointer_action.move_to_location(8, 0)
action.perform() ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Mouse, "default mouse");
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerMove(CoordinateOrigin.Viewport,
8, 0, TimeSpan.Zero));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); driver.action
.move_to_location(8, 12)
.perform const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({x: 8, y: 0}).perform(); val mouse = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse")
val actions = Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, PointerInput.Origin.viewport(), 8, 12))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions))This method moves the mouse from its current position by the offset provided by the user. If the mouse has not previously been moved, the position will be in the upper left corner of the viewport. Note that the pointer position does not change when the page is scrolled.
Note that the first argument X specifies to move right when positive, while the second argument
Y specifies to move down when positive. So moveByOffset(30, -10) moves right 30 and up 10 from
the current mouse position.
new Actions(driver)
.moveByOffset(13, 15)
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.move_by_offset( 13, 15)\
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.MoveByOffset(13, 15)
.Perform(); driver.action
.move_by(13, 15)
.perform await actions.move({x: 13, y: 15, origin: Origin.POINTER}).perform() Actions(driver)
.moveByOffset(13, 15)
.perform()This method firstly performs a click-and-hold on the source element, moves to the location of the target element and then releases the mouse.
WebElement draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
WebElement droppable = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
new Actions(driver)
.dragAndDrop(draggable, droppable)
.perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
droppable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable")
ActionChains(driver)\
.drag_and_drop(draggable, droppable)\
.perform() IWebElement draggable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("draggable"));
IWebElement droppable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("droppable"));
new Actions(driver)
.DragAndDrop(draggable, droppable)
.Perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(id: 'draggable')
droppable = driver.find_element(id: 'droppable')
driver.action
.drag_and_drop(draggable, droppable)
.perform const draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
const droppable = await driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.dragAndDrop(draggable, droppable).perform(); val draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"))
val droppable = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"))
Actions(driver)
.dragAndDrop(draggable, droppable)
.perform()This method firstly performs a click-and-hold on the source element, moves to the given offset and then releases the mouse.
WebElement draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
Rectangle start = draggable.getRect();
Rectangle finish = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable")).getRect();
new Actions(driver)
.dragAndDropBy(draggable, finish.getX() - start.getX(), finish.getY() - start.getY())
.perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
start = draggable.location
finish = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable").location
ActionChains(driver)\
.drag_and_drop_by_offset(draggable, finish['x'] - start['x'], finish['y'] - start['y'])\
.perform() IWebElement draggable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("draggable"));
Point start = draggable.Location;
Point finish = driver.FindElement(By.Id("droppable")).Location;
new Actions(driver)
.DragAndDropToOffset(draggable, finish.X - start.X, finish.Y - start.Y)
.Perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(id: 'draggable')
start = draggable.rect
finish = driver.find_element(id: 'droppable').rect
driver.action
.drag_and_drop_by(draggable, finish.x - start.x, finish.y - start.y)
.perform const draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
let start = await draggable.getRect();
let finish = await driver.findElement(By.id("droppable")).getRect();
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.dragAndDrop(draggable, {x: finish.x - start.x, y: finish.y - start.y}).perform(); val draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"))
val start = draggable.getRect()
val finish = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable")).getRect()
Actions(driver)
.dragAndDropBy(draggable, finish.getX() - start.getX(), finish.getY() - start.getY())
.perform()A Pen is a type of pointer input that has most of the same behavior as a mouse, but can also have event properties unique to a stylus. Additionally, while a mouse has 5 buttons, a pen has 3 equivalent button states:
WebElement pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"));
new Actions(driver)
.setActivePointer(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen")
.moveToElement(pointerArea)
.clickAndHold()
.moveByOffset(2, 2)
.release()
.perform(); pointer_area = driver.find_element(By.ID, "pointerArea")
pen_input = PointerInput(POINTER_PEN, "default pen")
action = ActionBuilder(driver, mouse=pen_input)
action.pointer_action\
.move_to(pointer_area)\
.pointer_down()\
.move_by(2, 2)\
.pointer_up()
action.perform() IWebElement pointerArea = driver.FindElement(By.Id("pointerArea"));
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice pen = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Pen, "default pen");
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(pointerArea, 0, 0, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(800)));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Left));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(CoordinateOrigin.Pointer,
2, 2, TimeSpan.Zero));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Left));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); pointer_area = driver.find_element(id: 'pointerArea')
driver.action(devices: :pen)
.move_to(pointer_area)
.pointer_down
.move_by(2, 2)
.pointer_up
.perform val pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"))
Actions(driver)
.setActivePointer(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen")
.moveToElement(pointerArea)
.clickAndHold()
.moveByOffset(2, 2)
.release()
.perform()
WebElement pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"));
PointerInput pen = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen");
PointerInput.PointerEventProperties eventProperties = PointerInput.eventProperties()
.setTiltX(-72)
.setTiltY(9)
.setTwist(86);
PointerInput.Origin origin = PointerInput.Origin.fromElement(pointerArea);
Sequence actionListPen = new Sequence(pen, 0)
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 0, 0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerDown(0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 2, 2, eventProperties))
.addAction(pen.createPointerUp(0));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actionListPen)); pointer_area = driver.find_element(By.ID, "pointerArea")
pen_input = PointerInput(POINTER_PEN, "default pen")
action = ActionBuilder(driver, mouse=pen_input)
action.pointer_action\
.move_to(pointer_area)\
.pointer_down()\
.move_by(2, 2, tilt_x=-72, tilt_y=9, twist=86)\
.pointer_up(0)
action.perform() IWebElement pointerArea = driver.FindElement(By.Id("pointerArea"));
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice pen = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Pen, "default pen");
PointerInputDevice.PointerEventProperties properties = new PointerInputDevice.PointerEventProperties() {
TiltX = -72,
TiltY = 9,
Twist = 86,
};
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(pointerArea, 0, 0, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(800)));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Left));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(CoordinateOrigin.Pointer,
2, 2, TimeSpan.Zero, properties));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Left));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); pointer_area = driver.find_element(id: 'pointerArea')
driver.action(devices: :pen)
.move_to(pointer_area)
.pointer_down
.move_by(2, 2, tilt_x: -72, tilt_y: 9, twist: 86)
.pointer_up
.perform val pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"))
val pen = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen")
val eventProperties = PointerInput.eventProperties()
.setTiltX(-72)
.setTiltY(9)
.setTwist(86)
val origin = PointerInput.Origin.fromElement(pointerArea)
val actionListPen = Sequence(pen, 0)
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 0, 0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerDown(0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 2, 2, eventProperties))
.addAction(pen.createPointerUp(0))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(listOf(actionListPen))
There are 5 scenarios for scrolling on a page.
This is the most common scenario. Unlike traditional click and send keys methods, the actions class does not automatically scroll the target element into view, so this method will need to be used if elements are not already inside the viewport.
This method takes a web element as the sole argument.
Regardless of whether the element is above or below the current viewscreen, the viewport will be scrolled so the bottom of the element is at the bottom of the screen.
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"));
new Actions(driver)
.scrollToElement(iframe)
.perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_to_element(iframe)\
.perform() IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("iframe"));
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollToElement(iframe)
.Perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'iframe')
driver.action
.scroll_to(iframe)
.perform const iframe = await driver.findElement(By.css("iframe"))
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, 0, 0, 0, iframe)
.perform()
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"))
Actions(driver)
.scrollToElement(iframe)
.perform()This is the second most common scenario for scrolling. Pass in an delta x and a delta y value for how much to scroll in the right and down directions. Negative values represent left and up, respectively.
WebElement footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"));
int deltaY = footer.getRect().y;
new Actions(driver)
.scrollByAmount(0, deltaY)
.perform(); footer = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "footer")
delta_y = footer.rect['y']
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_by_amount(0, delta_y)\
.perform() IWebElement footer = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("footer"));
int deltaY = footer.Location.Y;
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollByAmount(0, deltaY)
.Perform(); footer = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'footer')
delta_y = footer.rect.y
driver.action
.scroll_by(0, delta_y)
.perform const footer = await driver.findElement(By.css("footer"))
const deltaY = (await footer.getRect()).y
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, 0, 0, deltaY)
.perform()
val footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"))
val deltaY = footer.getRect().y
Actions(driver)
.scrollByAmount(0, deltaY)
.perform()This scenario is effectively a combination of the above two methods.
To execute this use the “Scroll From” method, which takes 3 arguments. The first represents the origination point, which we designate as the element, and the second two are the delta x and delta y values.
If the element is out of the viewport, it will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"));
WheelInput.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(iframe);
new Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")
scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin.from_element(iframe)
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_from_origin(scroll_origin, 0, 200)\
.perform() IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("iframe"));
WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin
{
Element = iframe
};
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.Perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'iframe')
scroll_origin = Selenium::WebDriver::WheelActions::ScrollOrigin.element(iframe)
driver.action
.scroll_from(scroll_origin, 0, 200)
.perform const iframe = await driver.findElement(By.css("iframe"))
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, 0, 0, 200, iframe)
.perform()
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"))
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(iframe)
Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform()This scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is outside the viewport. Or is inside the viewport and the portion of the screen that must be scrolled is a known offset away from a specific element.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, and in addition to specifying the element, an offset is specified to indicate the origin point of the scroll. The offset is calculated from the center of the provided element.
If the element is out of the viewport, it first will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the origin of the scroll will be determined by adding the offset to the coordinates of the center of the element, and finally the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the center of the element falls outside of the viewport, it will result in an exception.
WebElement footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"));
WheelInput.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(footer, 0, -50);
new Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin,0, 200)
.perform(); footer = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "footer")
scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin.from_element(footer, 0, -50)
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_from_origin(scroll_origin, 0, 200)\
.perform() IWebElement footer = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("footer"));
var scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin
{
Element = footer,
XOffset = 0,
YOffset = -50
};
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.Perform(); footer = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'footer')
scroll_origin = Selenium::WebDriver::WheelActions::ScrollOrigin.element(footer, 0, -50)
driver.action
.scroll_from(scroll_origin, 0, 200)
.perform const footer = await driver.findElement(By.css("footer"))
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, -50, 0, 200, footer)
.perform()
val footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"))
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(footer, 0, -50)
Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin,0, 200)
.perform()The final scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is already inside the viewport.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, but the viewport is designated instead of an element. An offset is specified from the upper left corner of the current viewport. After the origin point is determined, the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the upper left corner of the viewport falls outside of the screen, it will result in an exception.
WheelInput.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromViewport(10, 10);
new Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform(); scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin.from_viewport(10, 10)
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_from_origin(scroll_origin, 0, 200)\
.perform() var scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin
{
Viewport = true,
XOffset = 10,
YOffset = 10
};
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.Perform(); scroll_origin = Selenium::WebDriver::WheelActions::ScrollOrigin.viewport(10, 10)
driver.action
.scroll_from(scroll_origin, 0, 200)
.perform await driver.actions()
.scroll(10, 10, 0, 200)
.perform()
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromViewport(10, 10)
Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform()Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
Selenium is working with browser vendors to create the WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol as a means to provide a stable, cross-browser API that uses the bidirectional functionality useful for both browser automation generally and testing specifically. Before now, users seeking this functionality have had to rely on with all of its frustrations and limitations.
The traditional WebDriver model of strict request/response commands will be supplemented with the ability to stream events from the user agent to the controlling software via WebSockets, better matching the evented nature of the browser DOM.
As it is not a good idea to tie your tests to a specific version of any browser, the Selenium project recommends using WebDriver BiDi wherever possible.
However, until the specification is complete there are many useful things that CDP (Chrome DevTools Protocol) offers. To help keep your tests independent and portable, Selenium offers some useful helper classes as well. At the moment, they use the CDP, but soon it could be done using WebDriver BiDi.
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
While Selenium 4 provides direct access to the Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP), it is highly encouraged that you use the WebDriver Bidi APIs instead.
Many browsers provide “DevTools” – a set of tools that are integrated with the browser that developers can use to debug web apps and explore the performance of their pages. Google Chrome’s DevTools make use of a protocol called the Chrome DevTools Protocol (or “CDP” for short). As the name suggests, this is not designed for testing, nor to have a stable API, so functionality is highly dependent on the version of the browser.
WebDriver Bidi is the next generation of the W3C WebDriver protocol and aims to provide a stable API implemented by all browsers, but it’s not yet complete. Until it is, Selenium provides access to the CDP for those browsers that implement it (such as Google Chrome, or Microsoft Edge, and Firefox), allowing you to enhance your tests in interesting ways. Some examples of what you can do with it are given below.
Some applications have different features and functionalities across different locations. Automating such applications is difficult because it is hard to emulate the geo-locations in the browser using Selenium. But with the help of Devtools, we can easily emulate them. Below code snippet demonstrates that.
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevTools devTools = driver.getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
devTools.send(Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(Optional.of(52.5043),
Optional.of(13.4501),
Optional.of(1)));
driver.get("https://my-location.org/");
driver.quit();
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
def geoLocationTest():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
Map_coordinates = dict({
"latitude": 41.8781,
"longitude": -87.6298,
"accuracy": 100
})
driver.execute_cdp_cmd("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride", Map_coordinates)
driver.get("<your site url>")
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;
// Replace the version to match the Chrome version
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.Emulation;
namespace dotnet_test {
class Program {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
GeoLocation().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
}
public static async Task GeoLocation() {
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevToolsSession devToolsSession = driver.CreateDevToolsSession();
var geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings = new SetGeolocationOverrideCommandSettings();
geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Latitude = 51.507351;
geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Longitude = -0.127758;
geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Accuracy = 1;
await devToolsSession
.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.DevToolsSessionDomains>()
.Emulation
.SetGeolocationOverride(geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings);
driver.Url = "<your site url>";
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
# Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
coordinates = { latitude: 35.689487,
longitude: 139.691706,
accuracy: 100 }
driver.execute_cdp('Emulation.setGeolocationOverride', coordinates)
driver.get 'https://www.google.com/search?q=selenium'
ensure
driver.quit
end
const { By, Key, Browser} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const { suite } = require('selenium-webdriver/testing');
const assert = require("assert");
suite(function(env) {
describe('Emulate geolocation', function() {
let driver;
before(async function() {
driver = await env.builder().build();
});
after(() => driver.quit());
it('Emulate coordinates of Tokyo', async function() {
const cdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page');
// Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
const coordinates = {
latitude: 35.689487,
longitude: 139.691706,
accuracy: 100,
};
await cdpConnection.execute(
"Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",
coordinates
);
await driver.get("https://kawasaki-india.com/dealer-locator/");
});
});
},{ browsers: [Browser.CHROME, Browser.FIREFOX]});import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val coordinates : HashMap<String, Any> = HashMap<String, Any> ()
coordinates.put("latitude", 50.2334)
coordinates.put("longitude", 0.2334)
coordinates.put("accuracy", 1)
driver.executeCdpCommand("Emulation.setGeolocationOverride", coordinates)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("<grid-url>"), chromeOptions);
driver = new Augmenter().augment(driver);
DevTools devTools = ((HasDevTools) driver).getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
devTools.send(Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(Optional.of(52.5043),
Optional.of(13.4501),
Optional.of(1)));
driver.get("https://my-location.org/");
driver.quit();
from selenium import webdriver
#Replace the version to match the Chrome version
import selenium.webdriver.common.devtools.v93 as devtools
async def geoLocationTest():
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Remote(
command_executor='<grid-url>',
options=chrome_options
)
async with driver.bidi_connection() as session:
cdpSession = session.session
await cdpSession.execute(devtools.emulation.set_geolocation_override(latitude=41.8781,longitude=-87.6298,accuracy=100))
driver.get("https://my-location.org/")
driver.quit()
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;
// Replace the version to match the Chrome version
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.Emulation;
namespace dotnet_test {
class Program {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
GeoLocation().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
}
public static async Task GeoLocation() {
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
RemoteWebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri("<grid-url>"), chromeOptions);
DevToolsSession devToolsSession = driver.CreateDevToolsSession();
var geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings = new SetGeolocationOverrideCommandSettings();
geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Latitude = 51.507351;
geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Longitude = -0.127758;
geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings.Accuracy = 1;
await devToolsSession
.GetVersionSpecificDomains<OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V87.DevToolsSessionDomains>()
.Emulation
.SetGeolocationOverride(geoLocationOverrideCommandSettings);
driver.Url = "https://my-location.org/";
}
}
}
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for(
:remote,
:url => "<grid-url>",
:capabilities => :chrome)
begin
# Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
coordinates = { latitude: 35.689487,
longitude: 139.691706,
accuracy: 100 }
devToolsSession = driver.devtools
devToolsSession.send_cmd('Emulation.setGeolocationOverride', coordinates)
driver.get 'https://my-location.org/'
puts res
ensure
driver.quit
end
const webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
const BROWSER_NAME = webdriver.Browser.CHROME;
async function getDriver() {
return new webdriver.Builder()
.usingServer('<grid-url>')
.forBrowser(BROWSER_NAME)
.build();
}
async function executeCDPCommands () {
let driver = await getDriver();
await driver.get("<your site url>");
const cdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page');
//Latitude and longitude of Tokyo, Japan
const coordinates = {
latitude: 35.689487,
longitude: 139.691706,
accuracy: 100,
};
await cdpConnection.execute(
"Emulation.setGeolocationOverride",
coordinates
);
await driver.quit();
}
executeCDPCommands();
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.HasDevTools
// Replace the version to match the Chrome version
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.v91.emulation.Emulation
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Augmenter
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver
import java.net.URL
import java.util.Optional
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
var driver: WebDriver = RemoteWebDriver(URL("<grid-url>"), chromeOptions)
driver = Augmenter().augment(driver)
val devTools = (driver as HasDevTools).devTools
devTools.createSession()
devTools.send(
Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(
Optional.of(52.5043),
Optional.of(13.4501),
Optional.of(1)
)
)
driver["https://my-location.org/"]
driver.quit()
}
Using Selenium’s integration with CDP, one can override the current device mode and simulate a new mode. Width, height, mobile, and deviceScaleFactor are required parameters. Optional parameters include scale, screenWidth, screenHeight, positionX, positionY, dontSetVisible, screenOrientation, viewport, and displayFeature.
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevTools devTools = driver.getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
// iPhone 11 Pro dimensions
devTools.send(Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride(375,
812,
50,
true,
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty()));
driver.get("https://selenium.dev/");
driver.quit();from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
// iPhone 11 Pro dimensions
set_device_metrics_override = dict({
"width": 375,
"height": 812,
"deviceScaleFactor": 50,
"mobile": True
})
driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride', set_device_metrics_override)
driver.get("<your site url>")using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.Emulation;
using DevToolsSessionDomains = OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.DevToolsSessionDomains;
namespace Selenium4Sample {
public class ExampleDevice {
protected IDevToolsSession session;
protected IWebDriver driver;
protected DevToolsSessionDomains devToolsSession;
public async Task DeviceModeTest() {
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
//Set ChromeDriver
driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Get DevTools
IDevTools devTools = driver as IDevTools;
//DevTools Session
session = devTools.GetDevToolsSession();
var deviceModeSetting = new SetDeviceMetricsOverrideCommandSettings();
deviceModeSetting.Width = 600;
deviceModeSetting.Height = 1000;
deviceModeSetting.Mobile = true;
deviceModeSetting.DeviceScaleFactor = 50;
await session
.GetVersionSpecificDomains < OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V91.DevToolsSessionDomains > ()
.Emulation
.SetDeviceMetricsOverride(deviceModeSetting);
driver.Url = "<your site url>";
}
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
metrics = { width: 300,
height: 200,
mobile: true,
deviceScaleFactor: 50 }
driver.execute_cdp('Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride', metrics)
driver.get 'https://www.google.com'
ensure
driver.quit
endconst {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const firefox = require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');
const options = new firefox.Options();
// enable debugger for CDP
options.enableDebugger();
(async function example() {
try {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').setFirefoxOptions(options).build();
const pageCdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page');
const metrics = {
width: 300,
height: 200,
deviceScaleFactor: 50,
mobile: true,
};
await pageCdpConnection.execute(
"Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride",
metrics
);
await driver.get("https://www.google.com");
await driver.quit();
} catch (e) {
console.log(e);
}
})();fun kotlinOverridDeviceMode() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val deviceMetrics: Map<String, Any> = object : HashMap<String, Any>() {
init {
put("width", 600)
put("height", 1000)
put("mobile", true)
put("deviceScaleFactor", 50)
}
}
driver.executeCdpCommand("Emulation.setDeviceMetricsOverride", deviceMetrics)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
}Collect various performance metrics while navigating the application.
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools;
public void performanceMetricsExample() {
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevTools devTools = driver.getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
devTools.send(Performance.enable(Optional.empty()));
List<Metric> metricList = devTools.send(Performance.getMetrics());
driver.get("https://google.com");
driver.quit();
for(Metric m : metricList) {
System.out.println(m.getName() + " = " + m.getValue());
}
}from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('https://www.duckduckgo.com')
driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Performance.enable', {})
t = driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Performance.getMetrics', {})
print(t)
driver.quit()// File must contain the following using statements
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools;
// We must use a version-specific set of domains
using OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V94.Performance;
public async Task PerformanceMetricsExample()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
IDevTools devTools = driver as IDevTools;
DevToolsSession session = devTools.GetDevToolsSession();
await session.SendCommand<EnableCommandSettings>(new EnableCommandSettings());
var metricsResponse =
await session.SendCommand<GetMetricsCommandSettings, GetMetricsCommandResponse>(
new GetMetricsCommandSettings());
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.google.com");
driver.Quit();
var metrics = metricsResponse.Metrics;
foreach (Metric metric in metrics)
{
Console.WriteLine("{0} = {1}", metric.Name, metric.Value);
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.duckduckgo.com'
driver.execute_cdp('Performance.enable', {})
metrics = driver.execute_cdp('Performance.getMetrics', {})
puts metrics
ensure
driver.quit
endawait driver.get("https://www.duckduckgo.com");
await driver.sendAndGetDevToolsCommand('Performance.enable')
let result = await driver.sendAndGetDevToolsCommand('Performance.getMetrics')
console.log(result)
await driver.quit();val driver = ChromeDriver()
val devTools = driver.devTools
devTools.createSession()
devTools.send(Performance.enable(Optional.empty()))
val metricList: List<Metric> = devTools.send(Performance.getMetrics())
driver["https://google.com"]
driver.quit()
for (m in metricList) {
println(m.name.toString() + " = " + m.value)
}Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
The following list of APIs will be growing as the Selenium project works through supporting real world use cases. If there is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a feature request.
Some applications make use of browser authentication to secure pages. With Selenium, you can automate the input of basic auth credentials whenever they arise.
Predicate<URI> uriPredicate = uri -> uri.getHost().contains("your-domain.com");
((HasAuthentication) driver).register(uriPredicate, UsernameAndPassword.of("admin", "password"));
driver.get("https://your-domain.com/login");NetworkAuthenticationHandler handler = new NetworkAuthenticationHandler()
{
UriMatcher = (d) => d.Host.Contains("your-domain.com"),
Credentials = new PasswordCredentials("admin", "password")
};
INetwork networkInterceptor = driver.Manage().Network;
networkInterceptor.AddAuthenticationHandler(handler);
await networkInterceptor.StartMonitoring();require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.devtools.new
driver.register(username: 'username', password: 'password')
driver.get '<your site url>'
ensure
driver.quit
endconst {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
try {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
const pageCdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page');
await driver.register('username', 'password', pageCdpConnection);
await driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/basic_auth');
await driver.quit();
}catch (e){
console.log(e)
}
}())val uriPredicate = Predicate { uri: URI ->
uri.host.contains("your-domain.com")
}
(driver as HasAuthentication).register(uriPredicate, UsernameAndPassword.of("admin", "password"))
driver.get("https://your-domain.com/login")Mutation Observation is the ability to capture events via WebDriver BiDi when there are DOM mutations on a specific element in the DOM.
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
AtomicReference<DomMutationEvent> seen = new AtomicReference<>();
CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
((HasLogEvents) driver).onLogEvent(domMutation(mutation -> {
seen.set(mutation);
latch.countDown();
}));
driver.get("https://www.google.com");
WebElement span = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("span"));
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute('cheese', 'gouda');", span);
assertThat(latch.await(10, SECONDS), is(true));
assertThat(seen.get().getAttributeName(), is("cheese"));
assertThat(seen.get().getCurrentValue(), is("gouda"));
driver.quit();
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
async with driver.log.mutation_events() as event:
pages.load("dynamic.html")
driver.find_element(By.ID, "reveal").click()
WebDriverWait(driver, 5)\
.until(EC.visibility_of(driver.find_element(By.ID, "revealed")))
assert event["attribute_name"] == "style"
assert event["current_value"] == ""
assert event["old_value"] == "display:none;"
List<DomMutationData> attributeValueChanges = new List<DomMutationData>();
DefaultWait<List<DomMutationData>> wait = new DefaultWait<List<DomMutationData>>(attributeValueChanges);
wait.Timeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(3);
using IJavaScriptEngine monitor = new JavaScriptEngine(driver);
monitor.DomMutated += (sender, e) =>
{
attributeValueChanges.Add(e.AttributeData);
};
await monitor.StartEventMonitoring();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.google.com");
IWebElement span = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("span"));
await monitor.EnableDomMutationMonitoring();
((IJavaScriptExecutor) driver).ExecuteScript("arguments[0].setAttribute('cheese', 'gouda');", span);
wait.Until((list) => list.Count > 0);
Console.WriteLine("Found {0} DOM mutation events", attributeValueChanges.Count);
foreach(var record in attributeValueChanges)
{
Console.WriteLine("Attribute name: {0}", record.AttributeName);
Console.WriteLine("Attribute value: {0}", record.AttributeValue);
}
await monitor.DisableDomMutationMonitoring();
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
begin
driver.on_log_event(:mutation) { |mutation| mutations.push(mutation) }
driver.navigate.to url_for('dynamic.html')
driver.find_element(id: 'reveal').click
wait.until { mutations.any? }
mutation = mutations.first
expect(mutation.element).to eq(driver.find_element(id: 'revealed'))
expect(mutation.attribute_name).to eq('style')
expect(mutation.current_value).to eq('')
expect(mutation.old_value).to eq('display:none;')
ensure
driver.quit
end
const {Builder, until} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const assert = require("assert");
(async function example() {
try {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
const cdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page');
await driver.logMutationEvents(cdpConnection, event => {
assert.deepStrictEqual(event['attribute_name'], 'style');
assert.deepStrictEqual(event['current_value'], "");
assert.deepStrictEqual(event['old_value'], "display:none;");
});
await driver.get('dynamic.html');
await driver.findElement({id: 'reveal'}).click();
let revealed = driver.findElement({id: 'revealed'});
await driver.wait(until.elementIsVisible(revealed), 5000);
await driver.quit();
}catch (e){
console.log(e)
}
}())
console.log eventsListen to the console.log events and register callbacks to process the event.
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevTools devTools = driver.getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
devTools.send(Log.enable());
devTools.addListener(Log.entryAdded(),
logEntry -> {
System.out.println("log: "+logEntry.getText());
System.out.println("level: "+logEntry.getLevel());
});
driver.get("http://the-internet.herokuapp.com/broken_images");
// Check the terminal output for the browser console messages.
driver.quit();import trio
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.log import Log
async def printConsoleLogs():
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
async with driver.bidi_connection() as session:
log = Log(driver, session)
from selenium.webdriver.common.bidi.console import Console
async with log.add_listener(Console.ALL) as messages:
driver.execute_script("console.log('I love cheese')")
print(messages["message"])
driver.quit()
trio.run(printConsoleLogs)using IJavaScriptEngine monitor = new JavaScriptEngine(driver);
List<string> consoleMessages = new List<string>();
monitor.JavaScriptConsoleApiCalled += (sender, e) =>
{
Console.WriteLine("Log: {0}", e.MessageContent);
};
await monitor.StartEventMonitoring();require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'http://www.google.com'
logs = []
driver.on_log_event(:console) do |event|
logs.push(event)
puts logs.length
end
driver.execute_script('console.log("here")')
ensure
driver.quit
endconst {Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async () => {
try {
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
const cdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page');
await driver.onLogEvent(cdpConnection, function (event) {
console.log(event['args'][0]['value']);
});
await driver.executeScript('console.log("here")');
await driver.quit();
}catch (e){
console.log(e);
}
})()fun kotlinConsoleLogExample() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val devTools = driver.devTools
devTools.createSession()
val logConsole = { c: ConsoleEvent -> print("Console log message is: " + c.messages)}
devTools.domains.events().addConsoleListener(logConsole)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
val executor = driver as JavascriptExecutor
executor.executeScript("console.log('Hello World')")
val input = driver.findElement(By.name("q"))
input.sendKeys("Selenium 4")
input.sendKeys(Keys.RETURN)
driver.quit()
}Listen to the JS Exceptions and register callbacks to process the exception details.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools;
public void jsExceptionsExample() {
ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevTools devTools = driver.getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();
List<JavascriptException> jsExceptionsList = new ArrayList<>();
Consumer<JavascriptException> addEntry = jsExceptionsList::add;
devTools.getDomains().events().addJavascriptExceptionListener(addEntry);
driver.get("<your site url>");
WebElement link2click = driver.findElement(By.linkText("<your link text>"));
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",
link2click, "onclick", "throw new Error('Hello, world!')");
link2click.click();
for (JavascriptException jsException : jsExceptionsList) {
System.out.println("JS exception message: " + jsException.getMessage());
System.out.println("JS exception system information: " + jsException.getSystemInformation());
jsException.printStackTrace();
}
}async def catchJSException():
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
async with driver.bidi_connection() as session:
driver.get("<your site url>")
log = Log(driver, session)
async with log.add_js_error_listener() as messages:
# Operation on the website that throws an JS error
print(messages)
driver.quit()List<string> exceptionMessages = new List<string>();
using IJavaScriptEngine monitor = new JavaScriptEngine(driver);
monitor.JavaScriptExceptionThrown += (sender, e) =>
{
exceptionMessages.Add(e.Message);
};
await monitor.StartEventMonitoring();
driver.Navigate.GoToUrl("<your site url>");
IWebElement link2click = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("<your link text>"));
((IJavaScriptExecutor) driver).ExecuteScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",
link2click, "onclick", "throw new Error('Hello, world!')");
link2click.Click();
foreach (string message in exceptionMessages)
{
Console.WriteLine("JS exception message: {0}", message);
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get '<your-site-url>'
exceptions = []
driver.on_log_event(:exception) do |event|
exceptions.push(event)
puts exceptions.length
end
#Actions causing JS exceptions
ensure
driver.quit
endconst {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async () => {
try {
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
const cdpConnection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page')
await driver.onLogException(cdpConnection, function (event) {
console.log(event['exceptionDetails']);
})
await driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com');
const link = await driver.findElement(By.linkText('Checkboxes'));
await driver.executeScript("arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);", link, "onclick","throw new Error('Hello, world!')");
await link.click();
await driver.quit();
}catch (e){
console.log(e);
}
})()fun kotlinJsErrorListener() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val devTools = driver.devTools
devTools.createSession()
val logJsError = { j: JavascriptException -> print("Javascript error: '" + j.localizedMessage + "'.") }
devTools.domains.events().addJavascriptExceptionListener(logJsError)
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
val link2click = driver.findElement(By.name("q"))
(driver as JavascriptExecutor).executeScript(
"arguments[0].setAttribute(arguments[1], arguments[2]);",
link2click, "onclick", "throw new Error('Hello, world!')"
)
link2click.click()
driver.quit()
}If you want to capture network events coming into the browser and you want manipulate them you are able to do it with the following examples.
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.HasDevTools;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.NetworkInterceptor;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Filter;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpResponse;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Route;
NetworkInterceptor interceptor = new NetworkInterceptor(
driver,
Route.matching(req -> true)
.to(() -> req -> new HttpResponse()
.setStatus(200)
.addHeader("Content-Type", MediaType.HTML_UTF_8.toString())
.setContent(utf8String("Creamy, delicious cheese!"))));
driver.get("https://example-sausages-site.com");
String source = driver.getPageSource();
assertThat(source).contains("delicious cheese!");Currently unavailable in python due the inability to mix certain async and sync commandsrequire 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
driver.intercept do |request, &continue|
uri = URI(request.url)
if uri.path.end_with?('one.js')
uri.path = '/devtools_request_interception_test/two.js'
request.url = uri.to_s
end
continue.call(request)
end
driver.navigate.to url_for('devToolsRequestInterceptionTest.html')
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button').click
expect(driver.find_element(id: 'result').text).to eq('two')const connection = await driver.createCDPConnection('page')
let url = fileServer.whereIs("/cheese")
let httpResponse = new HttpResponse(url)
httpResponse.addHeaders("Content-Type", "UTF-8")
httpResponse.body = "sausages"
await driver.onIntercept(connection, httpResponse, async function () {
let body = await driver.getPageSource()
assert.strictEqual(body.includes("sausages"), true, `Body contains: ${body}`)
})
driver.get(url)val driver = ChromeDriver()
val interceptor = new NetworkInterceptor(
driver,
Route.matching(req -> true)
.to(() -> req -> new HttpResponse()
.setStatus(200)
.addHeader("Content-Type", MediaType.HTML_UTF_8.toString())
.setContent(utf8String("Creamy, delicious cheese!"))))
driver.get(appServer.whereIs("/cheese"))
String source = driver.getPageSource()Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
The following list of APIs will be growing as the WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol grows and browser vendors implement the same. Additionally, Selenium will try to support real-world use cases that internally use a combination of W3C BiDi protocol APIs.
If there is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a feature request.
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to browsing context commands.
Creates a new browsing context in a new window.
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);Creates a new browsing context in a new tab.
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);Creates a browsing context for the existing tab/window to run commands.
String id = driver.getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, id);A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context. The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new window. The implementation is operating system specific.
BrowsingContext
browsingContext =
new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW, driver.getWindowHandle());A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context. The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new tab. The implementation is operating system specific.
BrowsingContext
browsingContext =
new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB, driver.getWindowHandle()); BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
NavigationResult info = browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"); BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
NavigationResult info = browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html",
ReadinessState.COMPLETE);Provides a tree of all browsing contexts descending from the parent browsing context, including the parent browsing context.
String referenceContextId = driver.getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContext parentWindow = new BrowsingContext(driver, referenceContextId);
parentWindow.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/iframes.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
List<BrowsingContextInfo> contextInfoList = parentWindow.getTree();Provides a tree of all browsing contexts descending from the parent browsing context, including the parent browsing context upto the depth value passed.
String referenceContextId = driver.getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContext parentWindow = new BrowsingContext(driver, referenceContextId);
parentWindow.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/iframes.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE); BrowsingContext window1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
BrowsingContext window2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
List<BrowsingContextInfo> contextInfoList = window1.getTopLevelContexts(); BrowsingContext window1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
BrowsingContext window2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
window2.close();Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to logging.
console.log eventsListen to the console.log events and register callbacks to process the event.
try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<ConsoleLogEntry> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
logInspector.onConsoleEntry(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("consoleLog")).click();
ConsoleLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); const inspector = await LogInspector(driver)
await inspector.onConsoleEntry(function (log) {
logEntry = log
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html')
await driver.findElement({ id: 'consoleLog' }).click()
assert.equal(logEntry.text, 'Hello, world!')
assert.equal(logEntry.realm, null)
assert.equal(logEntry.type, 'console')
assert.equal(logEntry.level, 'info')
assert.equal(logEntry.method, 'log')
assert.equal(logEntry.stackTrace, null)
assert.equal(logEntry.args.length, 1)Listen to the JS Exceptions and register callbacks to process the exception details.
try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<JavascriptLogEntry> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
logInspector.onJavaScriptException(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("jsException")).click();
JavascriptLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); const inspector = await LogInspector(driver)
await inspector.onJavascriptException(function (log) {
logEntry = log
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html')
await driver.findElement({ id: 'jsException' }).click()
assert.equal(logEntry.text, 'Error: Not working')
assert.equal(logEntry.type, 'javascript')
assert.equal(logEntry.level, 'error')Listen to all JS logs at all levels and register callbacks to process the log.
try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<JavascriptLogEntry> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
logInspector.onJavaScriptLog(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("jsException")).click();
JavascriptLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);The core libraries of Selenium try to be low level and non-opinionated. The Support classes in each language provide opinionated wrappers for common interactions that may be used to simplify some behaviors.
テストの一部として何かの色を検証したい場合があります。 問題は、ウェブ上の色の定義が一定ではないことです。 色のHEX表現を色のRGB表現と比較する簡単な方法、または色のRGBA表現を色のHSLA表現と比較する簡単な方法があったらいいのではないでしょうか？
心配しないでください。解決策があります。: Color クラスです！
まず、クラスをインポートする必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
include Selenium::WebDriver::Support
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Colorこれで、カラーオブジェクトの作成を開始できます。 すべての色オブジェクトは、色の文字列表現から作成する必要があります。 サポートされている色表現は、以下のとおりです。
private final Color HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)");
private final Color HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)");
private final Color HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)");
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8")
private val RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)")
private val RGB_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)")
private val HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)")
private val HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)")
Colorクラスは、 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 で指定されているすべての基本色定義もサポートしています。
private final Color BLACK = Color.fromString("black");
private final Color CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate");
private final Color HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink");
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val BLACK = Color.fromString("black")
private val CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate")
private val HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink")
要素に色が設定されていない場合、ブラウザは “透明” の色の値を返すことがあります。 Colorクラスもこれをサポートしています。
private final Color TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent");
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent")
レスポンスが正しく解析され、有効なColorオブジェクトに変換されることを認識して、要素を安全にクエリしてその色/背景色を取得できるようになりました。
Color loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"));
Color loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"));
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
val loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"))
val loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"))
そして、色オブジェクトを直接比較できます。
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK);
assert login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK)
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK))
または、色を次の形式のいずれかに変換し、静的に検証することができます。
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)");
assert login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)'
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)"))
色はもはや問題ではありません。
The Select object will now give you a series of commands
that allow you to interact with a <select> element.
If you are using Java or .NET make sure that you’ve properly required the support package in your code. See the full code from GitHub in any of the examples below.
Note that this class only works for HTML elements select and option.
It is possible to design drop-downs with JavaScript overlays using div or li,
and this class will not work for those.
Select methods may behave differently depending on which type of <select> element is being worked with.
This is the standard drop-down object where one and only one option may be selected.
<select name="selectomatic">
<option selected="selected" id="non_multi_option" value="one">One</option>
<option value="two">Two</option>
<option value="four">Four</option>
<option value="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option>
</select>
This select list allows selecting and deselecting more than one option at a time.
This only applies to <select> elements with the multiple attribute.
<select name="multi" id="multi" multiple="multiple">
<option selected="selected" value="eggs">Eggs</option>
<option value="ham">Ham</option>
<option selected="selected" value="sausages">Sausages</option>
<option value="onion gravy">Onion gravy</option>
</select>
First locate a <select> element, then use it to initialize a Select object.
Note that as of Selenium 4.5, you can’t create a Select object if the <select> element is disabled.
WebElement selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"));
Select select = new Select(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'selectomatic')
select = Select(select_element) var selectElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("selectomatic"));
var select = new SelectElement(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(name: 'selectomatic')
select = Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(select_element) const selectElement = await driver.findElement(By.name('selectomatic'))
const select = new Select(selectElement)
val selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"))
val select = Select(selectElement)There are two lists that can be obtained:
Get a list of all options in the <select> element:
List<WebElement> optionList = select.getOptions(); option_list = select.options IList<IWebElement> optionList = select.Options; option_list = select.options const optionList = await select.getOptions()
val optionList = select.getOptions()Get a list of selected options in the <select> element. For a standard select list
this will only be a list with one element, for a multiple select list it can contain
zero or many elements.
List<WebElement> selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions(); selected_option_list = select.all_selected_options IList<IWebElement> selectedOptionList = select.AllSelectedOptions; selected_option_list = select.selected_options const selectedOptionList = await select.getAllSelectedOptions()
val selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions()The Select class provides three ways to select an option. Note that for multiple select type Select lists, you can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.
Select the option based on its visible text
select.selectByVisibleText("Four"); select.select_by_visible_text('Four') select.SelectByText("Four"); select.select_by(:text, 'Four') await select.selectByVisibleText('Four')
select.selectByVisibleText("Four")Select the option based on its value attribute
select.selectByValue("two"); select.select_by_value('two') select.SelectByValue("two"); select.select_by(:value, 'two') await select.selectByValue('two')
select.selectByValue("two")Select the option based on its position in the list
select.selectByIndex(3); select.select_by_index(3) select.SelectByIndex(3); select.select_by(:index, 3) await select.selectByIndex(3)
select.selectByIndex(3)Options with a disabled attribute may not be selected.
<select name="single_disabled">
<option id="sinlge_disabled_1" value="enabled">Enabled</option>
<option id="sinlge_disabled_2" value="disabled" disabled="disabled">Disabled</option>
</select>
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
select.selectByValue("disabled");
}); with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
select.select_by_value('disabled') Assert.ThrowsException<InvalidOperationException>(() => select.SelectByValue("disabled")); expect {
select.select_by(:value, 'disabled')
}.to raise_exception(Selenium::WebDriver::Error::UnsupportedOperationError) await assert.rejects(async () => {
await select.selectByValue("disabled")
}, {
name: 'UnsupportedOperationError',
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException::class.java) {
select.selectByValue("disabled")
}Only multiple select type select lists can have options de-selected. You can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.
select.deselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by_value('eggs') select.DeselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by(:value, 'eggs') await select.deselectByValue('eggs')
select.deselectByValue("eggs")このクラスは、Javaバインディングでのみ使用可能です。
ThreadGuardは、ドライバーが、それを作成した同じスレッドからのみ呼び出されることを確認します。 特に並行してテストを実行する場合のスレッドの問題は、不可解でエラーの診断が難しい場合があります。 このラッパーを使用すると、このカテゴリのエラーが防止され、発生時に例外が発生します。
次の例は、スレッドの衝突をシミュレートします。
public class DriverClash {
//thread main (id 1) created this driver
private WebDriver protectedDriver = ThreadGuard.protect(new ChromeDriver());
static {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<Set path to your Chromedriver>");
}
//Thread-1 (id 24) is calling the same driver causing the clash to happen
Runnable r1 = () -> {protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};
Thread thr1 = new Thread(r1);
void runThreads(){
thr1.start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new DriverClash().runThreads();
}
}
結果は以下のとおりです。
Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour
下記例を参照してください。
protectedDriver はメインスレッドで作成されますRunnableを使用して新しいプロセスを起動し、新しいスレッドを使用してプロセスを実行しますprotectedDriverがないため、両方のスレッドが衝突します。ThreadGuard.protectは例外をスローします。これは、並列実行時にドライバーを管理するために ThreadLocalを使用する必要性を置き換えるものではありません。
It is not always obvious the root cause of errors in Selenium.
The most common Selenium-related error is a result of poor synchronization. Read about Waiting Strategies. If you aren’t sure if it is a synchronization strategy you can try temporarily hard coding a large sleep where you see the issue, and you’ll know if adding an explicit wait can help.
Note that many errors that get reported to the project are actually caused by issues in the underlying drivers that Selenium sends the commands to. You can rule out a driver problem by executing the command in multiple browsers.
If you have questions about how to do things, check out the Support options for ways get assistance.
If you think you’ve found a problem with Selenium code, go ahead and file a Bug Report on GitHub.
CSS and XPath Selectors are sometimes difficult to get correct.
The CSS or XPath selector you are trying to use has invalid characters or an invalid query.
Run your selector through a validator service:
Or use a browser extension to get a known good value:
The element can not be found at the exact moment you attempted to locate it.
An element goes stale when it was previously located, but can not be currently accessed. Elements do not get relocated automatically; the driver creates a reference ID for the element and has a particular place it expects to find it in the DOM. If it can not find the element in the current DOM, any action using that element will result in this exception.
This can happen when:
The DOM has changed
When the page is refreshed or items on the page have moved around, there is still an element with the desired locator on the page, it is just no longer accessible by the element object being used, and the element must be relocated before it can be used again. This is often done in one of two ways:
Always relocate the element every time you go to use it. The likelihood of the element going stale in the microseconds between locating and using the element is small, though possible. The downside is that this is not the most efficient approach, especially when running on a remote grid.
Wrap the Web Element with another object that stores the locator, and caches the located Selenium element. When taking actions with this wrapped object, you can attempt to use the cached object if previously located, and if it is stale, exception can be caught, the element relocated with the stored locator, and the method re-tried. This is more efficient, but it can cause problems if the locator you’re using references a different element (and not the one you want) after the page has changed.
The Context has changed
Element objects are stored for a given context, so if you move to a different context — like a different window or a different frame or iframe — the element reference will still be valid, but will be temporarily inaccessible. In this scenario, it won’t help to relocate the element, because it doesn’t exist in the current context. To fix this, you need to make sure to switch back to the correct context before using the element.
The Page has changed
This scenario is when you haven’t just changed contexts, you have navigated to another page and have destroyed the context in which the element was located. You can’t just relocate it from the current context, and you can’t switch back to an active context where it is valid. If this is the reason for your error, you must both navigate back to the correct location and relocate it.
Historically, this is the most common error beginning Selenium users get when trying to run code for the first time:
Through WebDriver, Selenium supports all major browsers. In order to drive the requested browser, Selenium needs to send commands to it via an executable driver. This error means the necessary driver could not be found by any of the means Selenium attempts to use.
There are several ways to ensure Selenium gets the driver it needs.
As of Selenium 4.6, Selenium downloads the correct driver for you. You shouldn’t need to do anything. If you are using the latest version of Selenium and you are getting an error, please turn on logging and file a bug report with that information.
If you want to read more information about how Selenium manages driver downloads for you, you can read about the Selenium Manager.
PATH environment variableThis option first requires manually downloading the driver.
This is a flexible option to change location of drivers without having to update your code, and will work on multiple machines without requiring that each machine put the drivers in the same place.
You can either place the drivers in a directory that is already listed in PATH,
or you can place them in a directory and add it to PATH.
To see what directories are already on PATH, open a Terminal and execute:
echo $PATH
If the location to your driver is not already in a directory listed, you can add a new directory to PATH:
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/driver' >> ~/.bash_profile
source ~/.bash_profile
You can test if it has been added correctly by checking the version of the driver:
chromedriver --version
To see what directories are already on PATH, open a Terminal and execute:
echo $PATH
If the location to your driver is not already in a directory listed, you can add a new directory to PATH:
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/driver' >> ~/.zshenv
source ~/.zshenv
You can test if it has been added correctly by checking the version of the driver:
chromedriver --version
To see what directories are already on PATH, open a Command Prompt and execute:
echo %PATH%
If the location to your driver is not already in a directory listed, you can add a new directory to PATH:
setx PATH "%PATH%;C:\WebDriver\bin"
You can test if it has been added correctly by checking the version of the driver:
chromedriver.exe --version
If you cannot upgrade to the latest version of Selenium, you do not want Selenium to download drivers for you, and you can’t figure out the environment variables, you can specify the location of the driver in the Service object.
You first need to download the desired driver,
then create an instance of the applicable Service class and
set the path.
Specifying the location in the code itself has the advantage of not needing to figure out Environment Variables on your system, but has the drawback of making the code less flexible.
Before Selenium managed drivers itself, other projects were created to do so for you.
If you can’t use Selenium Manager because you are using an older version of Selenium (please upgrade), or need an advanced feature not yet implemented by Selenium Manager, you might try one of these tools to keep your drivers automatically updated:
| ブラウザー | サポートするOS | 維持管理機関 | ダウンロード | イシュートラッカー |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromium/Chrome | Windows/macOS/Linux | Downloads | Issues | |
| Firefox | Windows/macOS/Linux | Mozilla | Downloads | Issues |
| Edge | Windows/macOS/Linux | Microsoft | Downloads | Issues |
| Internet Explorer | Windows | Selenium Project | Downloads | Issues |
| Safari | macOS High Sierra and newer | Apple | Built in | Issues |
Note: The Opera driver no longer works with the latest functionality of Selenium and is currently officially unsupported.
Turning on logging is a valuable way to get extra information that might help you determine why you might be having a problem.
Java logs are typically created per class. You can work with the default logger to work with all loggers. To filter out specific classes, see Filtering
Get the root logger:
Logger.getLogger(SeleniumManager.class.getName()).setLevel(Level.SEVERE);Java Logging is not exactly straightforward, and if you are just looking for an easy way to look at the important Selenium logs, take a look at the Selenium Logger project
Python logs are typically created per module. You can match all submodules by referencing the top level module. So to work with all loggers in selenium module, you can do this:
import pytest.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
If you want to see as much debugging as possible in all the classes,
you can turn on debugging globally in Ruby by setting $DEBUG = true.
For more fine-tuned control, Ruby Selenium created its own Logger class to wrap the default Logger class.
This implementation provides some interesting additional features.
Obtain the logger directly from the #loggerclass method on the Selenium::WebDriver module:
logger = Selenium::WebDriver.loggerconst logging = require('selenium-webdriver/lib/logging')
logger = logging.getLogger('webdriver')
Logger level helps to filter out logs based on their severity.
Java has 7 logger levels: SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, CONFIG, FINE, FINER, and FINEST.
The default is INFO.
You have to change both the level of the logger and the level of the handlers on the root logger:
Logger localLogger = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass().getName());
localLogger.warning("this is a warning");
localLogger.info("this is useful information");Python has 6 logger levels: CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG, and NOTSET.
The default is WARNING
To change the level of the logger:
Things get complicated when you use PyTest, though. By default, PyTest hides logging unless the test fails. You need to set 3 things to get PyTest to display logs on passing tests.
To always output logs with PyTest you need to run with additional arguments.
First, -s to prevent PyTest from capturing the console.
Second, -p no:logging, which allows you to override the default PyTest logging settings so logs can
be displayed regardless of errors.
So you need to set these flags in your IDE, or run PyTest on command line like:
pytest -s -p no:logging
Finally, since you turned off logging in the arguments above, you now need to add configuration to turn it back on:
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby logger has 5 logger levels: :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal.
As of Selenium v4.9.1, The default is :info.
To change the level of the logger:
logger.level = :debugJavaScript has 9 logger levels: OFF, SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG, FINE, FINER, FINEST, ALL.
The default is OFF.
To change the level of the logger:
logger.setLevel(logging.Level.INFO)
Things are logged as warnings if they are something the user needs to take action on. This is often used for deprecations. For various reasons, Selenium project does not follow standard Semantic Versioning practices. Our policy is to mark things as deprecated for 3 releases and then remove them, so deprecations may be logged as warnings.
Java logs actionable content at logger level WARN
Example:
May 08, 2023 9:23:38 PM dev.selenium.troubleshooting.LoggingTest logging
WARNING: this is a warning
Python logs actionable content at logger level — WARNING
Details about deprecations are logged at this level.
Example:
WARNING selenium:test_logging.py:23 this is a warning
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby logs actionable content at logger level — :warn.
Details about deprecations are logged at this level.
For example:
2023-05-08 20:53:13 WARN Selenium [:example_id] this is a warning
Because these items can get annoying, we’ve provided an easy way to turn them off, see filtering section below.
This is the default level where Selenium logs things that users should be aware of but do not need to take actions on. This might reference a new method or direct users to more information about something
Java logs useful information at logger level INFO
Example:
May 08, 2023 9:23:38 PM dev.selenium.troubleshooting.LoggingTest logging
INFO: this is useful information
Python logs useful information at logger level — INFO
Example:
INFO selenium:test_logging.py:22 this is useful information
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby logs useful information at logger level — :info.
Example:
2023-05-08 20:53:13 INFO Selenium [:example_id] this is useful information
Logs useful information at level: INFO
The debug log level is used for information that may be needed for diagnosing issues and troubleshooting problems.
Java logs most debug content at logger level FINE
Example:
May 08, 2023 9:23:38 PM dev.selenium.troubleshooting.LoggingTest logging
FINE: this is detailed debug information
Python logs debugging details at logger level — DEBUG
Example:
DEBUG selenium:test_logging.py:24 this is detailed debug information
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby only provides one level for debugging, so all details are at logger level — :debug.
Example:
2023-05-08 20:53:13 DEBUG Selenium [:example_id] this is detailed debug information
Logs debugging details at level: FINER and FINEST
Logs can be displayed in the console or stored in a file. Different languages have different defaults.
By default all logs are sent to System.err. To direct output to a file, you need to add a handler:
byte[] bytes = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("selenium.xml"));By default all logs are sent to sys.stderr. To direct output somewhere else, you need to add a
handler with either a StreamHandler or a FileHandler:
logger = logging.getLogger('selenium')
.NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
By default, logs are sent to the console in stdout.
To store the logs in a file:
logger.output = file_nameJavaScript does not currently support sending output to a file.
To send logs to console output:
logging.installConsoleHandler()
Java logging is managed on a per class level, so
instead of using the root logger (Logger.getLogger("")), set the level you want to use on a per-class
basis:
Assertions.assertTrue(fileContent.contains("this is a warning"));
log_path = "selenium.log".NET does not currently have a Logging implementation
Ruby’s logger allows you to opt in (“allow”) or opt out (“ignore”) of log messages based on their IDs.
Everything that Selenium logs includes an ID. You can also turn on or off all deprecation notices by
using :deprecations.
These methods accept one or more symbols or an array of symbols:
logger.ignore(:jwp_caps, :logger_info)or
logger.allow(%i[selenium_manager example_id])
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